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difficult negotiations

Толкование Перевод

1 difficult negotiations

трудные переговоры

Politics english-russian dictionary > difficult negotiations
2 negotiations

n pl

переговоры

to accelerate negotiations — ускорять переговоры

to accept negotiations with smb — соглашаться на переговоры с кем-л.

to activate the process of negotiations — активизировать процесс / ход переговоров

to advance negotiations — способствовать переговорам

to be bogged down in negotiations — быть участником застопорившихся переговоров

to be locked in intense negotiations with smb — вести длительные и напряженные переговоры с кем-л.

to be party to negotiations — участвовать в переговорах

to be under negotiations — быть предметом переговоров

to block the start of negotiations — препятствовать началу переговоров

to break down the negotiations — срывать переговоры

to break off negotiations — прерывать / приостанавливать переговоры

to break the deadlock at the negotiations — преодолевать тупик на переговорах

to bring the negotiations out of the impasse — выводить переговоры из тупика

to call for negotiations — призывать к переговорам

to call off negotiations — отменять переговоры

to carry on negotiations — вести переговоры

to carry out negotiations through an intermediary — вести переговоры через посредника

to close the door on further negotiations — делать невозможным продолжение переговоров

to come to negotiations — приходить на переговоры

to commence negotiations — начинать переговоры

to complete negotiations — завершать переговоры

to conclude negotiations on smth — договариваться о чем-л.; проводить переговоры по какому-л. вопросу

to conduct negotiations with smb — вести переговоры с кем-л.

to deadlock negotiations — заводить переговоры в тупик

to derail negotiations — срывать переговоры

to determine smth by negotiations — решать что-л. путем переговоров

to discontinue negotiations — прерывать переговоры

to disrupt the process of negotiations — нарушать ход переговоров

to drag one's feet in / to drag out negotiations — затягивать переговоры

to draw smb into negotiations — втягивать кого-л. в переговоры

to emerge from the negotiations — быть результатом переговоров

to enter negotiations — приступать к переговорам

to enter into negotiations with smb — вступать в переговоры с кем-л.

to evade negotiations — уклоняться от переговоров

to expedite negotiations — ускорять переговоры

to facilitate negotiations for a political settlement — облегчать переговоры в целях политического урегулирования

to foster negotiations — способствовать проведению переговоров

to frustrate negotiations — срывать переговоры

to get down to negotiations — садиться за стол переговоров

to get negotiations started — добиваться начала переговоров

to give grounds for delay or postponement of the negotiations — давать основания для задержки или отсрочки переговоров

to give new impetus to the negotiations — давать новый импульс / толчок переговорам

to have a part in the negotiations — принимать участие в переговорах

to have a vital stake in the outcome of the negotiations — быть кровно заинтересованным в исходе переговоров

to hold negotiations — вести / проводить переговоры

to impede negotiations — затруднять / осложнять переговоры

to improve one's bargaining position at negotiations — укреплять свои позиции на переговорах

to initiate negotiations — начинать переговоры; приступать к переговорам

to intensify the negotiations — активизировать переговоры

to interrupt negotiations — прерывать переговоры

to jeopardize progress in the negotiations — ставить под угрозу успех переговоров

to join in the negotiations — присоединяться к переговорам

to launch negotiations — начинать переговоры; приступать к переговорам

to lay the groundwork for negotiations — подготавливать почву для переговоров

to lead the negotiations into a deadlock — заводить переговоры в тупик

to leak the date of negotiations to the media — разглашать дату переговоров средствам массовой информации

to leave the prime minister politically naked in the negotiations — оставлять премьер-министра политически безоружным на переговорах

to lose interest in the negotiations — утрачивать интерес к переговорам

to militate against negotiations — мешать проведению переговоров

to move the negotiations forward — продвигаться вперед на переговорах

to move the negotiations off the dead-point — сдвигать переговоры с мертвой точки

to move the negotiations to New York — переносить переговоры в Нью-Йорк

to open negotiations — начинать переговоры

to oversee negotiations — контролировать ход переговоров; следить за ходом переговоров

to predetermine the outcome of negotiations — предопределять исход переговоров

to prepare the ground for negotiations — подготавливать почву для переговоров

to proceed along the course of negotiations — идти по пути переговоров

to proceed with the negotiations — продолжать переговоры

to prolong negotiations — 1) продолжать переговоры 2) отсрочить / отложить переговоры

to pursue negotiations — продолжать переговоры

to push smb towards negotiations — подталкивать кого-л. к переговорам

to reject negotiations with smb — отказываться от переговоров с кем-л.

to re-launch negotiations — возобновлять переговоры

to renew / to reopen / to restart / to resume negotiations — возобновлять переговоры

to review the progress of the negotiations — делать обзор состояния переговоров

to revitalize the negotiations — подталкивать стороны к возобновлению переговоров

to revive negotiations — возобновлять переговоры

to seek early negotiations — добиваться скорейших переговоров

to seek a solution by negotiations — стараться решить что-л. путем переговоров

to set a date for negotiations — назначать дату переговоров

to shelve the negotiations — откладывать переговоры

to side-track the negotiations — уводить переговоры в сторону; избегать переговоров; откладывать переговоры

to speed up negotiations — ускорять проведение переговоров

to stall negotiations — приостанавливать переговоры

to start negotiations — начинать переговоры

to stop negotiations — прерывать переговоры

to supervise negotiations — следить за ходом переговоров

to suspend negotiations with smb — временно прерывать переговоры с кем-л.

to take part in the negotiations — принимать участие в переговорах

to throw the negotiations off balance — срывать переговоры

to torpedo negotiations — срывать переговоры

to unblock the negotiations — находить выход из тупика на переговорах

to undermine the negotiations — подрывать / срывать переговоры

to undertake negotiations — проводить переговоры

to walk out of the negotiations — уходить с переговоров

to wreck negotiations — срывать переговоры

- action-oriented negotiations
- active negotiations
- armistice negotiations
- arms buying negotiations
- arms control negotiations
- arms negotiations
- arms-reduction negotiations
- back stage negotiations
- basis for negotiations
- behind-the-scene negotiations
- beyond negotiations
- bilateral negotiations
- break-down in negotiations
- bruising negotiations
- business negotiations
- by negotiations
- closing stage of negotiations
- collapse in negotiations
- collapse of negotiations
- complex negotiations
- comprehensive negotiations
- conduct of negotiations

- constitutional negotiations
- constructive negotiations
- control negotiations
- conventional force negotiations
- cordial negotiations
- course of negotiations
- crucial negotiations
- culmination of negotiations
- current negotiations
- deadlocked negotiations
- delicate negotiations
- detailed negotiations
- difficult negotiations
- diplomatic negotiations
- direct negotiations
- disarmament negotiations
- discreet negotiations
- dragged-out negotiations
- drawn out negotiations
- earnest negotiations
- endless negotiations
- extensive negotiations
- face-to-face negotiations
- failure of negotiations
- feverish negotiations
- final stage of negotiations
- flurry of negotiations
- follow-on negotiations
- for the duration of negotiations
- forthcoming negotiations
- fresh negotiations
- friendly negotiations
- fruitful negotiations
- full-size negotiations
- global negotiations
- grinding negotiations
- hard negotiations
- hectic negotiations
- hitch in negotiations
- in the course of negotiations
- inconclusive negotiations
- indirect negotiations
- intense negotiations
- intensive negotiations
- it will be a matter of negotiations
- joint negotiations
- laborious negotiations
- last-minute negotiations
- lengthy negotiations
- limited negotiations
- machinery and methods of negotiations
- meaningful negotiations
- membership negotiations
- merger negotiations
- military negotiations
- ministerial negotiations
- multilateral negotiations
- negotiations among equals
- negotiations are at a delicate stage
- negotiations are at an end
- negotiations are back on track
- negotiations are deadlocked
- negotiations are going above smb's head
- negotiations are underway
- negotiations behind closed doors
- negotiations behind the scenes
- negotiations broke down
- negotiations center on smth
- negotiations from strength
- negotiations have become bogged down
- negotiations have been stalled over an issue
- negotiations have collapsed
- negotiations have finished
- negotiations have reached deadlock
- negotiations have resumed
- negotiations on disarmament
- negotiations reach an impasse
- negotiations through the medium of smb
- negotiations will bear fruit
- negotiations without any prior conditions
- not open for negotiations
- not open to negotiations
- ongoing negotiations
- open for negotiations
- open to negotiations
- outcome of negotiations

- pace of negotiations
- painful negotiations
- painstaking negotiations
- patient negotiations
- peace negotiations
- peaceful negotiations
- pending these negotiations
- political negotiations
- preliminary negotiations
- preparatory negotiations
- private negotiations
- progress of negotiations
- prolonged negotiations
- protracted negotiations
- renewal of negotiations
- results of negotiations
- resumption of negotiations
- round of negotiations

- round-table negotiations
- secret negotiations
- separate negotiations
- session of negotiations
- settlement by negotiations
- settlement through negotiations
- social negotiations
- stalemated negotiations
- sticking point in the negotiations
- stiff negotiations
- subject of negotiations

- subsequent negotiations
- substantive negotiations
- successful negotiations
- summit negotiations
- sustained negotiations
- through negotiations
- top-level negotiations
- tortuous negotiations
- torturous negotiations
- tough negotiations
- trade negotiations
- trilateral negotiations
- tripartite negotiations
- truce negotiations
- US-mediated negotiations
- wage negotiations
- walkout from negotiations
- well prepared negotiations
- within the framework of negotiations

Politics english-russian dictionary > negotiations
3 трудные переговоры

difficult negotiations, grinding negotiations, laborious negotiations, stiff negotiations, tough negotiations, arduous talks, hard-going talks, hard talking, tough talking

Русско-английский политический словарь > трудные переговоры
4 pośrednictw|o

Ⅰ n sgt 1. (występowanie w roli łącznika) agency, mediation
- podjąć się pośrednictwa w trudnych rokowaniach to offer one’s services as a mediator in difficult negotiations

- prosić kogoś o pośrednictwo w sprawie wielkiej wagi to ask sb to mediate a. intercede in a matter of great importance, to ask sb to act as a go-between in a matter of great importance
2. (kojarzenie) agency
- pośrednictwo w obrocie nieruchomościami an estate agency GB, a real estate agency US
Ⅱ za pośrednictwem adv. książk. via, by way of, through (the agency of)
- transmitowany za pośrednictwem satelity transmitted via satellite

- zwrócił się do narodu za pośrednictwem telewizji he went on television to address the nation

- wynająć dom na wakacje za pośrednictwem biura turystycznego to rent a holiday house through the agency of tourist office

The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > pośrednictw|o
5 practice

practice ['præktɪs]

1 noun

(a) (habit) pratique f, habitude f; (custom) pratique f, coutume f, usage m;

∎ tribal/religious practices pratiques fpl tribales/religieuses;

∎ they make a regular practice of going jogging on Sundays ils font régulièrement du jogging le dimanche;

∎ he makes a practice of voting against or he makes it a practice to vote against the government il se fait une règle de voter contre le gouvernement;

∎ they've introduced the practice of morning prayer ils ont introduit la prière du matin;

∎ it's not company practice to refund deposits il n'est pas dans les habitudes de la société de rembourser les arrhes;

∎ it's normal practice among most shopkeepers c'est une pratique courante chez les commerçants;

∎ it's our usual practice c'est ce que nous faisons habituellement, c'est notre politique habituelle;

∎ it's standard practice to make a written request la procédure habituelle veut que l'on fasse une demande par écrit

(b) (exercise → of profession, witchcraft, archery) pratique f

(c) (training) entraînement m; (rehearsal) répétition f; (study → of instrument) étude f, travail m;

∎ I've had a lot of practice at or in dealing with difficult negotiations j'ai une grande habitude des négociations difficiles;

∎ it's good practice for your interview c'est un bon entraînement pour votre entrevue;

∎ to be in practice être bien entraîné;

∎ to be out of practice manquer d'entraînement;

∎ I'm getting out of practice (on piano) je commence à avoir les doigts rouillés; (at sport) je commence à manquer d'entraînement; (at skill) je commence à perdre la main;

∎ it's time for your piano practice c'est l'heure de travailler ton piano;

∎ Sport Schumacher was fastest in practice Schumacher a été le plus rapide aux essais;

∎ proverb practice makes perfect c'est en forgeant qu'on devient forgeron

(d) (training session) (séance f d')entraînement m; (rehearsal → of choir) répétition f

(e) (practical application) pratique f;

∎ to put sth in or into practice mettre qch en pratique;

∎ in practice dans la pratique

(f) (professional activity) exercice m;

∎ to be in practice as a doctor exercer en tant que médecin;

∎ to go into or to set up in practice as a doctor s'installer comme médecin, ouvrir un cabinet de médecin;

∎ medical/legal practice l'exercice m de la médecine/de la profession d'avocat

(g) (office, surgery) cabinet m; (clientele) clientèle f;

∎ he has a country practice il est médecin de campagne

2 compound-forming noun

(game, run, session) d'entraînement

3 transitive verb & intransitive verb

American = practise

►► Golf practice ground practice m;

Sport practice match match m d'entraînement

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > practice
6 водя

1. lead, conduct

водя за ръка/за ремък/слепец/кон lead by the hand/about on a lead/a blind man/a horse

водя за носа прен. lead by the nose

водя пленник под стража conduct a prisoner under escort

(за път и пр.) lead ( към to, on to)

(за врата, коридор и пр.) open ( към into, on to)

накъде води тоя път? where does this road lead (to)? водя към пропаст прен. lead to the abyss

не водя към никъде и прен. lead nowhere

тая врата води към градината that door opens on to/gives-on the garden

2. (завеждам) take

(довеждам) bring

водя на лекар/на кино take to a doctor/to the cinema

водя на разходка take out for a walk

3. (предвождам) lead; take the lead; be/stand in the lead

водя войска lead an army

4. (ръководя) guide, direct

(обучение) conduct

водя съдбините на guide the fortunes of

водя преговори conduct negotiations

5. (борба, война) wage, carry on, conduct

водя война с wage war on

водя борба срещу wage a struggle against

6. (дневник, бележник, протокол, сметки) keep

водя търговски сметки/стенографски бележник/картотека keep business accounts/shorthand notes/a card-index

водя бележки при лекция take (down) notes of/at a lecture

7. (разговор, преговори) carry on, hold

водя преговори carry on/conduct negotiations, negotiate

водя спор carry on a dispute

8. (дело) sue (at law), bring/conduct a lawsuit ( срещу against)

9. (политика) carry on, pursue

водя умерена/твърда политика steer a middle/a steady course

водя пропаганда carry on/conduct propaganda

10. (живот) lead, live

водя редовен живот lead a regular life; keep regular hours

водя прост живот live a simple life

11. (женен съм за) be married to

водя сестрата на Х be married to the sister of X

водя ce

12. водя се по go by, take pattern by

(следвам) follow

водя се по упътвания go by/follow directions

добро правило, по което да се води човек a good rule to go by

водя се по модата follow the fashion

водя се по някого follow s.o.'s lead

водя се по ума на някого follow s.o. blindly

водя се по усета си follow o.'s nose

13. водя се като figure as

14. водя се (женен съм за) be married (с to)

15. водя се (състоя се, за занимания) be held

водя (при състезания) lead, take (up) the running

водя с един гол сп. be one goal up

води се следствие an inquiry is in progress

делото още се води the suit is still pending

водят се (за преговори и пр.) go on, proceed

лесно се води he is easily influenced/led

ни се води, ни се кара be kittle-cattle; be a difficult/an i n tractable person to deal with

водя сражение fight an action/a battle

водя към прен. lead/be conducive/be a stepping-stone to

* * *

во̀дя,

гл., мин. св. деят. прич. во̀дил 1. lead, conduct; \водя за носа прен. lead by the nose; \водя към пропаст прен. lead to the abyss; \водя пленник под стража conduct a prisoner under escort; (за път и пр.) lead ( към to, on to); (за врата, коридор и пр.) open ( към into, on to); не \водя на никъде и прен. lead nowhere; ( допринасям за) be conductive to, conduce to, count toward;

2. ( завеждам) take; ( довеждам) bring; \водя на разходка take out for a walk;

3. ( предвождам) lead; take the lead; be/stand in the lead; \водя списъка на кандидатите ( при избори) lead the list;

4. ( ръководя) guide, direct; ( обучение) conduct; \водя предаване (по радио, телевизия) present a programme; \водя съдбините на guide the fortunes of;

5. ( борба, война) wage, carry on, conduct; \водя война с wage war on; \водя ожесточени боеве be engaged/locked in bitter fighting; \водя сражение fight an action/a battle;

6. ( дневник, бележник, протокол, сметки) keep; \водя бележки по време лекция take (down) notes of/at a lecture; \водя търговски сметки keep (business) accounts;

7. ( разговор, преговори) carry on, hold; \водя спор carry on a dispute;

8. ( дело) sue (at law), bring/conduct a lawsuit ( срещу against); \водя дело чрез адвокат appear by counsel; \водя разследване make an investigation; \водя следствие prosecute an enquiry;

9. ( политика) carry on, pursue; \водя пропаганда carry on/conduct propaganda; \водя умерена/твърда политика steer a middle/a steady course;

10. ( живот) lead, live; \водя прост живот live a simple life; \водя редовен живот lead a regular life; keep regular hours;

11. ( женен съм за) be married to;

\водя се 1.: \водя се по go by, take pattern by; ( следвам) follow; \водя се по някого follow s.o.’s lead; \водя се по ума на някого follow s.o. blindly; \водя се по усета си follow o.’s nose; добро правило, по което да се води човек a good rule to go by;

2.: \водя се като figure as;

3.: \водя се ( състоя се за занимания) be held; води се следствие an inquiry is in progress; \водя ( при състезания) lead, take (up) the running; \водя към прен. lead/be conducive/be a stepping-stone to; \водя с един гол спорт. be one goal up; водят се (за преговори и пр.) go on, proceed; делото още се води the suit is still pending; лесно се води he is easily influenced/led; • ни се води, ни се кара be kittle-cattle; be a difficult/an intractable person to deal with.

* * *

conduct: водя a prisoner under escort - водя пленник под стража; guide; convoy: водя nowhere - водя наникъде (и прен.); marshal; pilot; pioneer: I'll водя you home. - Ще те водя у дома.; walk (over)

* * *
1. (борба, война) wage, carry on, conduct 2. (дело) sue (at law), bring/conduct a lawsuit (срещу against) 3. (дневник, бележник, протокол, сметки) keep 4. (довеждам) bring 5. (живот) lead, live 6. (за врата, коридор и пр.) open (към into, on to) 7. (за път и пр.) lead (към to, on to) 8. (завеждам) take 9. (обучение) conduct 10. (политика) carry on, pursue 11. (предвождам) lead;take the lead;be/stand in the lead 12. (разговор, преговори) carry on, hold 13. (ръководя) guide, direct 14. (следвам) follow 15. 1 (женен съм за) be married to 16. 1 ВОДЯ се (женен съм за) be married (с to) 17. 1 ВОДЯ се (състоя се, за занимания) be held 18. 1 ВОДЯ се като figure as 19. 1ВОДЯ се по go by, take pattern by 20. lead, conduct 21. ВОДЯ (при състезания) lead, take (up) the running 22. ВОДЯ ce 23. ВОДЯ ce по някого follow s.o.'s lead 24. ВОДЯ бележки при лекция take (down) notes of/at a lecture 25. ВОДЯ борба срещу wage a struggle against 26. ВОДЯ война с wage war on 27. ВОДЯ войска lead an army: 28. ВОДЯ за носа прен. lead by the nose 29. ВОДЯ за ръка/за ремък/ слепец/кон lead by the hand/about on a lead/ a blind man/a horse 30. ВОДЯ към прен. lead/be conducive/be a stepping-stone to 31. ВОДЯ на лекар/на кино take to a doctor/to the cinema 32. ВОДЯ на разходка take out for a walk 33. ВОДЯ пленник под стража conduct a prisoner under escort 34. ВОДЯ преговори carry on/conduct negotiations, negotiate 35. ВОДЯ преговори conduct negotiations 36. ВОДЯ пропаганда carry on/conduct propaganda 37. ВОДЯ прост живот live a simple life 38. ВОДЯ редовен живот lead a regular life;keep regular hours 39. ВОДЯ с един гол сп. be one goal up 40. ВОДЯ се по модата follow the fashion 41. ВОДЯ се по ума на някого follow s. о. blindly 42. ВОДЯ се по упътвания go by/follow directions 43. ВОДЯ се по усета си follow o.'s nose 44. ВОДЯ сестрата на Х be married to the sister of X 45. ВОДЯ спор carry on a dispute 46. ВОДЯ сражение fight an action/a battle 47. ВОДЯ съдбините на guide the fortunes of 48. ВОДЯ търговски сметки/стенографски бележник/картотека keep business accounts/shorthand notes/a card-index 49. ВОДЯ умерена/ твърда политика steer a middle/a steady course 50. води се следствие an inquiry is in progress 51. водят се (за преговори и пр.) go on, proceed 52. делото още се води the suit is still pending 53. добро правило, по което да се води човек a good rule to go by 54. лесно се води he is easily influenced/led 55. накъде води тоя път? where does this road lead (to)? ВОДЯ към пропаст прен. lead to the abyss 56. не ВОДЯ към никъде и прен. lead nowhere 57. ни се води, ни се кара be kittle-cattle;be a difficult/an i n tractable person to deal with 58. тая врата води към градината that door opens on to/gives-on the garden

Български-английски речник > водя
7 mantener

v.

1 to keep.

mantener algo en buen estado to keep something in good condition

mantener una promesa to keep a promise

mantener la calma to stay calm

Los mantengo trabajando I keep them working.

Ellos mantienen el proyecto They maintain the project.

2 to support (with scaffold, columns).

mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air

3 to support.

con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages

4 to have (relationships, conversations).

mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with somebody

5 to stick to (to defend) (conviction).

mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent

mantiene que no la vió he maintains that he didn't see her

6 to maintain, to keep, to conserve, to hold.

Ellos mantienen unas mantas They maintain some bedcovers.

Mantiene sus mismas creencias de antes He keeps his old views.

Ellos mantienen su opinión They maintain their opinion.

María mantiene a su hijo Mary maintains=provides for her son.

Ella mantiene su declaración She maintains her declaration.

7 to claim to, to hold to, to maintain to.

Ellos mantienen haber limpiado They claim to have cleaned.

* * *

mantener

Conjugation model [ TENER], like link=tener tener

► verbo transitivo

1 (conservar) to keep

■ la policía mantiene el orden público the police keep law and order

■ la nevera mantiene los alimentos en buenas condiciones the fridge keeps food fresh

■ 'Mantenga Zamora limpia' "Keep Zamora tidy"

2 (tener) to keep

■ 'Mantener en posición vertical' "Keep vertical"

■ 'Mantener fuera del alcance de los niños' "Keep out of the reach of children"

3 (sostener) to support, hold up, hold

■ estos pilares mantienen el techo these pillars support the roof

■ no sé como se mantiene en pie con lo que ha bebido I don't know how he can stand up after having drunk so much

4 (sustentar) to support, maintain

■ ella sola mantiene a toda la familia she supports the whole family by herself

5 (afirmación etc) to maintain

■ pues yo mantengo que no es verdad well, I maintain that it is not true

6 (conversación, relaciones) to have; (reunión) to hold, have; (correspondencia) to keep up; (promesa, palabra) to keep

■ afirma que no mantuvieron relaciones sexuales he states that they did not have sexual intercourse

■ mantuvieron una larga correspondencia they kept up a lengthy correspondence

■ mantuvimos una reunión en su despacho we held a meeting in her office

► verbo pronominal mantenerse

1 (sostenerse) to remain, stand

2 (continuar en un estado, una posición) to keep

■ se mantuvo a distancia she kept her distance

■ se mantiene firme en sus creencias he remains firm in his beliefs

3 (sustenerse) to manage, maintain oneself, support oneself

4 (alimentarse) to eat, live

■ se mantiene a base de fruta she lives on fruit, she eats only fruit

■ no nos mantenemos del aire we can't live on air

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

mantener algo en secreto to keep something secret

mantenerse aparte to stay out of it, not get involved

mantenerse en contacto con to stay in contact with

mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, keep in trim, keep fit

mantenerse en pie to stand, remain standing

mantenerse en sus trece to stick to one's guns

mantenerse vivo,-a to stay alive

* * *

verb

1) to keep

2) maintain

3) hold

4) support

5) sustain

* * *

1. VT

1) (=sostener) [gen] to hold; [+ puente, techo] to support

mantén la caja un momento — hold the box a minute

los pilares que mantienen el puente — the pillars which support the bridge

2) (=preservar)

a) [en un lugar] to store, keep

una vez abierto manténgase refrigerado — once opened keep in a refrigerator

"manténgase en un lugar fresco y seco" — "store in a cool dry place"

b) [en un estado o situación] to keep

la ilusión es lo único que lo mantiene vivo — hope is the only thing that keeps him alive o going

hay que mantener actualizada la base de datos — we have to keep the database up to date

para mantener el motor en buen estado — to keep the engine in good condition

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep your city clean

manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños — keep out of the reach of children

• mantener algo caliente — to keep sth hot

• mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth, keep sth balanced

• mantener algo en secreto — to keep sth a secret

mantuvo en secreto que tenía dos hijos — she kept her two children a secret
raya I, 1)
3) (=conservar) [+ opinión] to maintain, hold; [+ costumbre, ideales] to keep up, maintain; [+ disciplina] to maintain, keep; [+ promesa] to keep

un alto porcentaje mantenía su opinión sobre la crisis — a high percentage maintained o held their opinion about the crisis

me marcho manteniendo mi opinión — I'm leaving, but I stand by my opinion

una civilización que lucha por mantener sus tradiciones — a civilization struggling to uphold o maintain its traditions

eran partidarios de mantener el antiguo orden social — they were in favour of preserving the old social order

mantener el orden público — to keep the peace

• al conducir hay que mantener la distancia de seguridad — you have to keep (at) a safe distance when driving

• mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

le cuesta mantener el equilibrio — he finds it difficult to keep his balance

hemos conseguido mantener el equilibrio entre ingresos y gastos — we have managed to maintain a balance between income and expenditure

• mantener el fuego — to keep the fire going

• mantener la línea — to keep one's figure, keep in shape

• mantener la paz — to keep the peace, maintain peace

- mantenella y no emendalla
calma, distancia
4) [económicamente] to support, maintain

ahora tiene una familia que mantener — now he has a family to support o maintain

ya no pienso mantenerla más — I refuse to keep o support o maintain her any longer

5) [+ conversación, contacto] to maintain, hold

es incapaz de mantener una conversación coherente — he is incapable of maintaining o holding a coherent conversation

en las conversaciones que hemos mantenido con el presidente — in the talks we have held with the president

¿han mantenido ustedes relaciones sexuales? — have you had sexual relations?
correspondencia 2)
6) (=afirmar) to maintain

siempre he mantenido lo contrario — I've always maintained the opposite

2.

See:

mantenerse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep

2)

a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

para mantener su peso actual — to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones — to keep up the old traditions

el euro ha mantenido su valor — the euro has held its value

b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep Norwich (o York etc) tidy

3)

a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain

las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra — the negotiations held in Geneva

b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep

4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
2.
mantenerse verbo pronominal

1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself

2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división — they kept their place in the first division

la torre aún se mantiene en pie — the tower is still standing

mantenerse a distancia — to keep one's distance

mantenerse en contacto con algn — to keep in touch with sb

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa — he remained neutral in the dispute

3) ( alimentarse)

mantenerse a base de latas — to live off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas — he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

= hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.

Ex. The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.

Ex. Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.

Ex. Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.

Ex. They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.

Ex. The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.

Ex. At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.

Ex. The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.

Ex. In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.

Ex. Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.

Ex. It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.

Ex. Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.

Ex. Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.

Ex. If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.

Ex. The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.

Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.

Ex. The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.

----

* capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.

* debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.

* de mantener una conversación = conversational.

* el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].

* mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.

* mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.

* mantener a flote = keep + afloat.

* mantener a la par de = keep up with.

* mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.

* mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.

* mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.

* mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.

* mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.

* mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener al ralentí = idle.

* mantener a mano = keep to + hand.

* mantener aparte = keep + separate.

* mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.

* mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.

* mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.

* mantener constancia de = keep + record of.

* mantener contacto = maintain + contact.

* mantener control = hold + the reins of control.

* mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.

* mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.

* mantener el control = stay in + control.

* mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.

* mantener el interés = hold + the interest.

* mantener el orden = keep + order, police.

* mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.

* mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.

* mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.

* mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.

* mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.

* mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.

* mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.

* mantener informado = keep + informed.

* mantener junto = keep together.

* mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.

* mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.

* mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.

* mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.

* mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.

* mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.

* mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).

* mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.

* mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.

* mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.

* mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.

* mantener la posición = hold + the line.

* mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.

* mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.

* mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.

* mantener la vida = sustain + life.

* mantener libre de = keep + free of.

* mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.

* mantener los precios = hold + prices down.

* mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.

* mantener presente = keep before.

* mantener presionado = hold down.

* mantener registro de = keep + record of.

* mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.

* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.

* mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).

* mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse a distancia = stand off.

* mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.

* mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.

* mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.

* mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.

* mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.

* mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.

* mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.

* mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.

* mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.

* mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.

* mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.

* mantenerse bien = keep + well.

* mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.

* mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.

* mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.

* mantenerse como válido = hold up.

* mantener secreto = keep + secret.

* mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.

* mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).

* mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.

* mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.

* mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse fiel a = stick with.

* mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.

* mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.

* mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener separado = keep apart.

* mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.

* mantenerse unidos = stick together.

* mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.

* mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.

* mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.

* mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.

* mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.

* mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.

* mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.

* mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.

* mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.

* mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.

* mantener un concepto = hold + concept.

* mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.

* mantener un debate = hold + discussion.

* mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.

* mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.

* mantener un interés = pursue + interest.

* mantener un registro = keep + log.

* mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.

* mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.

* mantener vigente = keep + alive.

* mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.

* máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.

* para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.

* voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1) ( económicamente) <familia/persona> to support, maintain; < perro> to keep; < amante> to keep

2)

a) (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura — to keep calm/one's composure

para mantener su peso actual — to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones — to keep up the old traditions

el euro ha mantenido su valor — the euro has held its value

b) (cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

mantener el equilibrio — to keep one's balance

mantener algo en equilibrio — to balance sth

mantenga limpia su ciudad — keep Norwich (o York etc) tidy

3)

a) < conversaciones> to have; < contactos> to maintain, keep up; < correspondencia> to keep up; < relaciones> to maintain

las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra — the negotiations held in Geneva

b) ( cumplir) <promesa/palabra> to keep

4) (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
2.
mantenerse verbo pronominal

1) ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself

2) (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división — they kept their place in the first division

la torre aún se mantiene en pie — the tower is still standing

mantenerse a distancia — to keep one's distance

mantenerse en contacto con algn — to keep in touch with sb

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa — he remained neutral in the dispute

3) ( alimentarse)

mantenerse a base de latas — to live off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas — he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

= hold together, keep, maintain, maintain, preserve, retain, store, support, sustain, uphold, hold, service, carry on, keep + Nombre + going, operate, hold on to.

Ex: The organization was trembling on the brink of financial disaster, and only the journal, American Documentation, was holding it together.

Ex: Guard book or scrapbook type arrangement, with possibly a loose-leaf format, is suitable for organising and keeping cuttings, letters and other small items.

Ex: Expressiveness can be difficult to maintain as new subjects are added.

Ex: They maintain, in an article written for Library Resources and Technical Services (LRTS) 'that automated cataloging systems have addressed only half of the problems of maintaining a library catalog'.

Ex: The concepts are organised into facets, and the facets are arranged and applied in such a way that the general to special order is preserved.

Ex: At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.

Ex: The records in a computer data base are structured in order to suit the information that is being stored for various applications.

Ex: In order to support these three elements, and to ensure that schemes are updated it is important to have some organisation which takes responsibility for revision and publication.

Ex: Publishers in the United Stated benefit from a larger home market which serves to sustain the production of an information tool.

Ex: It's about time that we go back to these principles and make sure that the quality of cataloging is upheld.

Ex: Some theorists hold that one stage must be completely worked through before the next stage can be entered.

Ex: Special storage facilities have been constructed which are at present serviced manually but will soon be computerised.

Ex: If a child detects that no very strong value is placed on reading then he feels no compulsion to develop his own reading skill beyond the minimal, functional level we all need simply to carry on our daily lives in our print-dominated society.

Ex: The author explains how libraries can keep their services going without being slaves to the job.

Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.

Ex: The girls were swept away by the water as they failed to hold on to the bus stand.

* capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.

* debate + mantenerse = debate + rage.

* de mantener una conversación = conversational.

* el que mantiene a la familia = breadwinner [bread winner].

* mantener a Alguien alerta = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien atento = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien en vilo = keep + Nombre + on + Posesivo + toes.

* mantener a Alguien informado de = keep + Nombre + posted on.

* mantener activo = keep + Nombre + going.

* mantener a flote = keep + afloat.

* mantener a la par de = keep up with.

* mantener alejado = keep away, keep + Nombre + out.

* mantener Algo abierto = hold + Nombre + open.

* mantener Algo activo = keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener Algo alejado = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener Algo al mínimo = keep + Nombre + at a minimum.

* mantener Algo a salvo = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo controlado = keep + Nombre + in check.

* mantener Algo en el buen camino = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en equilibrio = keep + Nombre + in balance.

* mantener Algo en la dirección correcta = keep + Nombre + on track.

* mantener Algo en orden = keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mantener Algo ordenado = keep + Nombre + tidy, keep + Nombre + in order.

* mantener Algo vivo = keep + the flame alive, keep + Nombre + at the fore.

* mantener al ralentí = idle.

* mantener a mano = keep to + hand.

* mantener aparte = keep + separate.

* mantener a raya = keep at + bay, hold off, keep + Nombre + in line, hold at + bay.

* mantener bajo control = keep + a rein on.

* mantener bajo vigilancia = keep under + observation.

* mantener constancia de = keep + record of.

* mantener contacto = maintain + contact.

* mantener control = hold + the reins of control.

* mantener cooperación = maintain + cooperation.

* mantener dentro = keep + Nombre + in.

* mantener el control = stay in + control.

* mantener el ímpetu = maintain + momentum.

* mantener el interés = hold + the interest.

* mantener el orden = keep + order, police.

* mantener el orden público = maintain + public order.

* mantener el ritmo = keep + pace.

* mantener el tipo = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantener en observación = hold under + observation, keep under + observation.

* mantener en privado = be out of the public eye.

* mantener en reserva = keep on + reserve, keep in + reserve.

* mantener en secreto = keep + secret, keep + hush hush, keep + confidential, keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener en sintonía = keep in + step.

* mantener firme = keep + steady, hold in + line, hold + steady.

* mantener informado = keep + informed.

* mantener junto = keep together.

* mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.

* mantener la boca cerrada = keep + Posesivo + mouth shut.

* mantener la bola rodando = keep + the ball rolling.

* mantener la cabeza = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together.

* mantener la cabeza alta = hold + Posesivo + head high.

* mantener la cabeza fría = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la calma = keep + Posesivo + head, keep + Posesivo + head together, keep + Pronombre + cool, remain + cool-headed, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.

* mantener la coherencia = maintain + consistency.

* mantener la compostura = keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la condición (de) = retain + Posesivo + status (as).

* mantener la continuidad = maintain + continuity.

* mantener la delantera = keep + ahead.

* mantener la disciplina = maintain + discipline.

* mantener la palabra = keep + Posesivo + word, live up to + Posesivo + word.

* mantener la posición = hold + the line.

* mantener las apariencias = keep up + appearances.

* mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas en movimiento = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cosas funcionando = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.

* mantener las cuentas = keep + Posesivo + accounts.

* mantener las distancias con = keep + Nombre + at arm's length.

* mantener la serenidad = keep + Pronombre + cool, keep + a cool head, remain + cool-headed, play it + cool.

* mantener la tradición = keep with + tradition.

* mantener la vida = sustain + life.

* mantener libre de = keep + free of.

* mantener los ojos bien abiertos = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open, keep + Posesivo + eyes peeled, keep + Posesivo + eyes skinned.

* mantener los precios = hold + prices down.

* mantener oculto = keep + Nombre + under wraps.

* mantener ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener ordenado = keep + Nombre + neat and tidy.

* mantener presente = keep before.

* mantener presionado = hold down.

* mantener registro de = keep + record of.

* mantener relaciones = maintain + contact, maintain + relationships, maintain + relations.

* mantener relaciones comerciales = do + business.

* mantenerse actualizado = keep up to + date (with).

* mantenerse actualizado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse a distancia = stand off.

* mantenerse a flote = keep + Posesivo + head above the water, keep + the wolves from the door, stay + afloat, stay in + business.

* mantenerse aislado = keep to + Reflexivo.

* mantenerse a la cabeza = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantenerse a la escucha = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al corriente = keep + current.

* mantenerse al corriente de = keep + abreast of, stay + abreast of, keep + track of.

* mantenerse al día = keep up to + date (with), keep up with + the current scene, keep + current.

* mantenerse al día de = keep + abreast of, keep + pace with, keep up with, stay + abreast of, keep + a finger on the pulse of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al día de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al día de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse alejado = stay away, remain + aloof.

* mantenerse alejado de = stay away from, steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada del público = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de la mirada pública = shun + the public eye, keep out of + the public eye.

* mantenerse alejado de + Nombre = keep + Nombre + at a distance.

* mantenerse alerta = keep + alert, keep + an eye open, keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse al frente = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse al margen = keep to + Reflexivo, take + a back seat, stand by, remain on + the sidelines.

* mantenerse al margen de = remain + uninvolved in, hold + Reflexivo + apart from.

* mantenerse al margen de Algo = stay above + Algo.

* mantenerse al tanto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse al tanto de = keep in + sync, keep + a finger on the pulse of, keep + track of, stay in + step with, keep in + step with, keep + step with.

* mantenerse al tanto de las cosas = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantenerse al tanto de las noticias = keep up with + the news.

* mantenerse al tanto de los avances = track + developments.

* mantenerse atento = keep + Posesivo + eyes (wide) open.

* mantenerse atento a lo que ocurre alrededor = have + an ear to the ground, keep + Posesivo + ear to the ground.

* mantenerse bien = keep + well.

* mantenerse caliente = keep + warm.

* mantenerse callado = keep + quiet.

* mantenerse callado y pensativo con cierto resentimiento = brood.

* mantenerse como válido = hold up.

* mantener secreto = keep + secret.

* mantenerse despierto = keep + alert, stay + awake.

* mantenerse en buen estado físico = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en contacto = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en contacto (con) = keep in + touch (with), stay in + touch (with).

* mantenerse en espera = stay + tuned.

* mantenerse en forma = keep + fit.

* mantenerse en línea con = keep in + line with.

* mantenerse en pie = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantenerse en + Posesivo + trece = stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse en sincronía = keep in + sync.

* mantenerse en su sitio = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse en sus trece = stand + Posesivo + ground.

* mantenerse fiel a = stick with.

* mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.

* mantenerse firme = stand + Posesivo + ground, stick to + Posesivo + guns.

* mantenerse impasible = keep + a stiff upper lip.

* mantenerse informado = keep up to + date (with), keep + current.

* mantenerse informado de = keep + abreast of.

* mantenerse lejos de = steer + clear of, give + Nombre + a wide berth, steer away from.

* mantenerse líder = stay + ahead of the pack.

* mantener(se) ocupado = keep + busy.

* mantener separado = keep apart.

* mantenerse por delante = keep + ahead.

* mantenerse por delante de la competencia = keep + one step ahead of the game, keep + one step ahead of the competition.

* mantenerse unidos = stick together.

* mantenerse vigente = hold + Posesivo + own.

* mantener silencio = keep + silent, keep + silence.

* mantener sincronizado = keep in + step.

* mantener suspenso en el aire = suspend.

* mantener todo controlado = stay on + top of things, keep on + top of things, be on top of things.

* mantener una actitud = hold + attitude.

* mantener una actitud abierta = be open-minded.

* mantener una apariencia de = maintain + a semblance of.

* mantener una conversación = hold + conversation.

* mantener una opinión = hold + view, hold + opinion.

* mantener una promesa = keep + Posesivo + promise.

* mantener una relación con = carry on + relationship with.

* mantener un concepto = hold + concept.

* mantener un control férreo sobre = hold + an iron grip on.

* mantener un debate = hold + discussion.

* mantener un equilibrio = balance, maintain + a balance, keep + a balance.

* mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.

* mantener un interés = pursue + interest.

* mantener un registro = keep + log.

* mantener un registro de = keep + track of, record.

* mantener un sistema de turnos = hold + a rota of.

* mantener vigente = keep + alive.

* mantener vivo = keep + alive, maintain + momentum, keep + Nombre + going.

* máquina que mantiene las constantes vitales = life-support system.

* para mantener(se) ocupado = keep-busy.

* voluntad de mantener Algo en secreto = secretiveness.

* * *

mantener [ E27 ]

vt

A (sustentar económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain

cuesta una fortuna mantener a ese perro tan grande it costs a fortune to keep that enormous dog

¡y pretende que ella lo mantenga! and he expects her to support o keep him!

B

1 (conservar, preservar) to keep

mantener la calma/la compostura to keep calm/one's composure

mantener el orden to keep o ( frml) maintain order

para mantener la paz in order to keep the peace

mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight

mantener las viejas tradiciones to keep up the old traditions

2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

los postes mantienen la viga en posición the posts keep the beam in position

mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance

lo mantiene en equilibrio sobre la punta de la nariz he balances it on the end of his nose

los militares lo mantuvieron en el poder the military kept him in power

todos los medicamentos deben mantenerse fuera del alcance de los niños all medicines should be kept out of reach of children

[ S ] mantenga limpia su ciudad keep Norwich ( o York etc) tidy

[ S ] una vez abierto manténgase refrigerado keep refrigerated once open

no mantiene su coche en buenas condiciones he doesn't keep his car in good condition, he doesn't maintain his car very well

sigue manteniendo vivos sus ideales he still keeps his ideals alive

C

1 ‹conversaciones› to have; ‹contactos› to maintain, keep up; ‹correspondencia› to keep up; ‹relaciones› to maintain

durante las negociaciones mantenidas en Ginebra during the negotiations held in Geneva

2 (cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep

D (afirmar, sostener) to maintain

mantiene que es inocente he maintains that he is innocent

■ mantenerse

v pron

A (sustentarse económicamente) to support o maintain o keep oneself

B (en cierto estado, cierta situación) (+ compl) to keep

se mantuvieron en primera división they kept their place o they stayed in the first division

mantenerse en forma to keep in shape, to keep fit

lo único que se mantiene en pie es la torre all that remains is the tower, only the tower is still standing

se mantiene al día she keeps up to date

siempre se mantuvo a distancia he always kept his distance

se mantuvo en contacto con sus amigos de la infancia he kept in touch with o kept up with his childhood friends

se mantuvo neutral en la disputa he remained neutral in the dispute

C

(alimentarse): nos mantuvimos a base de latas we lived off tinned food

se mantiene a base de vitaminas he lives on vitamin pills

* * *

mantener ( conjugate mantener) verbo transitivo
1 ( económicamente) ‹familia/persona› to support, maintain;
‹ amante› to keep
2 (conservar, preservar) to keep;
◊ mantener la calma to keep calm;

mantener el equilibrio to keep one's balance;
mantener algo en equilibrio to balance sth;
para mantener su peso actual to maintain his present weight
3
a) ‹ conversaciones› to have;

‹ contactos› to maintain, keep up;
‹ correspondencia› to keep up;
‹ relaciones› to maintain
b) ( cumplir) ‹promesa/palabra› to keep

4 (afirmar, sostener) to maintain
mantenerse verbo pronominal
1 ( sustentarse económicamente) to support oneself
2 (en cierto estado, cierta situación) to keep;
◊ mantenerse en forma to keep fit;

la torre aún se mantiene en pie the tower is still standing;
mantenerse en contacto (con algn) to keep in touch (with sb)
3 ( alimentarse):
◊ mantenerse a base de latas to live off tinned food

mantener verbo transitivo
1 (conservar) to keep: ella mantiene vivo su recuerdo, she keeps his memory alive
mantén la calma, keep calm
2 (sostener) to have: mantuvimos una conversación muy seria, we had a very serious talk
(una teoría, hipótesis) to defend, maintain
3 (alimentar, sustentar) to support, feed: no podían mantener las dos casas, they couldn't keep up both houses
4 (peso) to support, hold up
' mantener' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
callarse
- conchabarse
- conservar
- conservarse
- continuismo
- escribirse
- ir
- hilo
- línea
- raya
- sustentar
- tener
- tipo
- ahuyentar
- alerta
- calma
- correspondencia
- corriente
- disciplina
- flote
- guardar
- llevar
- mantiene
- mantuve
- orden
- preservar
- sujetar
English:
balance
- bay
- buoy
- captive
- carry on
- cherish
- cool
- fire
- hold
- hold off
- house
- hygiene
- image
- keep
- keep away
- keep down
- keep up
- maintain
- order
- preserve
- provide for
- retain
- secrecy
- stall
- support
- suspense
- sustain
- swear
- track
- unionist
- uphold
- weight-watching
- white elephant
- carry
- clear
- conduct
- correspond
- credit
- door
- go
- head
- inform
- occupy
- peace
- police
- provide
- segregate
- stand
- stick
- struggle

* * *

mantener

♦ vt

1. [económicamente] to support;

con su sueldo mantiene a toda la familia he has to support o keep his whole family with his wages

2. [sostener] to keep;

un andamio mantiene el edificio en pie a scaffold supports the building o keeps the building from falling down;

mantén los brazos en alto keep your arms in the air

3. [conservar] to keep;
[ritmo, nivel, presión] to keep up;
mantener las amistades to keep up one's friendships;

mantener algo en buen estado to keep sth in good condition;

mantener la calma to stay calm;

mantener el orden to keep order;

mantener la línea to keep one's figure;

mantener una promesa/la palabra to keep a promise/one's word;

mantenga limpia su ciudad [en letrero] keep your city tidy;

manténgase en un lugar seco [en etiqueta] keep in a dry place;

manténgase fuera del alcance de los niños [en medicamento, producto tóxico] keep out of the reach of children;

es incapaz de mantener la boca cerrada he can't keep his mouth shut

4. [tener] [conversación] to have;
[negociaciones, diálogo] to hold;
mantener correspondencia con alguien to correspond with sb;

mantener relaciones con alguien to have a relationship with sb;

mantener contactos con alguien to be in contact with sb

5. [defender] [convicción, idea] to stick to;
[candidatura] to refuse to withdraw;
mantiene su inocencia she maintains that she is innocent;

mantiene que no la vio he maintains that he didn't see her

♦ See also the pronominal verb mantenerse

* * *

mantener

v/t

1 ( sujetar) hold; techo etc hold up

2 ( preservar) keep

3 conversación, relación have

4 económicamente support

5 ( afirmar) maintain

* * *

mantener {80} vt

1) sustentar: to support, to feed

mantener uno su familia: to support one's family

2) conservar: to keep, to preserve

3) continuar: to keep up, to sustain

mantener una correspondencia: to keep up a correspondence

4) afirmar: to maintain, to affirm

♦ See also the reflexive verb mantenerse

* * *

mantener vb

1. (en general) to keep [pt. & pp. kept]

la nevera mantiene los alimentos fríos the fridge keeps food cold

he mantenido mi promesa I've kept my promise

2. (económicamente) to support

su hijo mantiene a toda la familia their son supports the whole family

3. (afirmar) to maintain

mantengo lo que dije el mes pasado I maintain what I said last month

4. (sujetar) to hold [pt. & pp. held]

mantén bien sujeto el cuadro hold the picture tight

Spanish-English dictionary > mantener
8 Gang

Adj.: gang und gäbe sein be quite usual, be the usual thing; das ist ( hier) gang und gäbe auch that’s nothing unusual (around here)

* * *

der Gang

(Anatomie) canal;

(Auto) gear;

(Bewegungsablauf) walk; gait;

(Korridor) passage; hallway; corridor;

(Spaziergang) ambulation; walk; stroll;

(Speisefolge) course;

(Stuhlreihe) corridor; aisle; gangway

* * *
Gạng [gaŋ]
m -(e)s, ordm;e
['gɛŋə]
1) (no pl = Gangart) walk, way of walking, gait; (eines Pferdes) gait, pace

einen leichten Gang haben — to be light on one's feet, to walk lightly

einen schnellen Gang haben — to be a fast walker

jdn an seinem or am Gang erkennen — to recognize sb's walk or sb by the way he walks

jdn am aufrechten Gang erkennen — to recognize sb from his upright carriage

in aufrechtem Gang (fig) — with one's head held high

seinen Gang verlangsamen — to slow down

seinen Gang beschleunigen — to speed up

2) (= Besorgung) errand; (= Spaziergang) walk

einen Gang machen or tun — to go on an errand/for a walk

einen Gang zum Anwalt/zur Bank machen — to go to one's lawyer/the bank, to pay a visit to one's lawyer/the bank

einen schweren Gang tun — to do something difficult

das war für ihn immer ein schwerer Gang — it was always hard for him

ich muss einen schweren Gang tun — I have a difficult thing to do

sein erster Gang war... — the first thing he did was...

den Gang nach Canossa or Kanossa antreten (fig) — to eat humble pie

der Gang nach Canossa or Kanossa (Hist) — the pilgrimage to Canossa

der Gang an die Börse — flotation (on the stock exchange)

3) (no pl) (Bewegung eines Motors) running; (einer Maschine) running, operation; (= Ablauf) course; (eines Dramas) development

der Motor hat einen leisen Gang — the engine runs quietly

der Gang der Ereignisse/der Dinge — the course of events/things

seinen (gewohnten) Gang gehen (fig) — to run its usual course

etw in Gang bringen or setzen — to get or set sth going; (fig auch) to get sth off the ground or under way

etw in Gang halten (lit, fig) — to keep sth going; Maschine, Motor auch to keep sth running

in Gang kommen — to get going; (fig auch) to get off the ground or under way

in Gang sein — to be going; (Maschine auch) to be in operation, to be running; (Motor auch) to be running; (fig) to be off the ground or under way

in vollem Gang — in full swing

es ist etwas im Gang(e) (inf) — something's up (inf)

See:

→ tot

4) (= Arbeitsgang) operation; (eines Essens) course; (FECHTEN, im Zweikampf) bout; (beim Rennen) heat

ein Essen von or mit vier Gängen — a four-course meal

5) (= Verbindungsgang) passage(way); (RAIL, in Gebäuden) corridor; (= Hausflur) (offen) passage(way), close (Scot); (hinter Eingangstür) hallway; (im oberen Stock) landing; (zwischen Sitzreihen, in Geschäft) aisle; (= Tunnel in Stadion, zu Flugzeug) gangway; (= Säulengang) colonnade, passage; (= Bogengang) arcade, passage; (= Wandelgang) walk; (in einem Bergwerk) tunnel, gallery; (= Durchgang zwischen Häusern) passage(way); (ANAT) duct; (= Gehörgang) meatus; (MIN = Erzgang) vein; (TECH eines Gewindes) thread

6) (MECH) gear; (bei Fahrrad) gear, speed

den ersten Gang einschalten or einlegen — to engage first (gear)

auf or in den dritten Gang schalten — to change (Brit) or shift (US) into third (gear)

in die Gänge kommen (fig) — to get started or going

* * *

der

1) (a passage between rows of seats etc in a church, cinema etc.) aisle

2) (a division or part of a meal: Now we've had the soup, what's (for) the next course?) course

3) (a passageway, especially one off which rooms open: Go along the corridor and up the stairs.) corridor

4) ((plural rare) the way in which a person or animal walks: the old man's shuffling gait.) gait

5) (a combination of these wheels, eg in a car: The car is in first gear.) gear

6) (a way or manner of walking: I recognised her walk.) walk

* * *

Gang¹

<-[e]s, Gänge>

[ˈgaŋ, pl ˈgɛŋə]

m

1. kein pl (Gehweise) walk no pl, gait no pl, way no pl of walking

ich erkenne ihn schon am \Gang I recognize him from the way he walks

aufrechter \Gang upright carriage

seinen \Gang beschleunigen to quicken one's pace, to speed up

einen federnden \Gang haben to have a spring in one's step

einen schnellen/hinkenden \Gang haben to walk quickly/with a limp

einen unsicheren \Gang haben to be unsteady on one's feet

seinen \Gang verlangsamen to slow down

2. (Weg zu einem Ort) walk

sein erster \Gang war der zum Frühstückstisch the first thing he did was to go to the breakfast table

mein erster \Gang führte mich in das Büro des Chefs the first place I went to was the bosses office

ihr erster \Gang führte sie zu mir the first person she went to was me

ich traf sie auf dem \Gang zum Arzt I bumped into her on the way to the doctor's

der \Gang nach Canossa HIST the pilgrimage to Canossa

den \Gang nach Canossa antreten (fig) to eat humble pie fam

einen schweren \Gang tun [müssen] to [have to] do something difficult

3. (Besorgung) errand

jdm einen \Gang abnehmen to do an errand for sb

einen \Gang machen [o tun] to go on an errand

ich habe heute in der Stadt noch einige Gänge zu machen I must do [or go on] a few errands in town today

könntest du für mich einen \Gang zur Bank machen? could you go to the bank for me?

4. kein pl (Bewegung) operation no pl

die Uhr hat einen gleichmäßigen \Gang the clock operates smoothly

der Motor hat einen ruhigen \Gang the engine runs quietly

etw in \Gang bringen [o setzen] (a. fig) to get sth going a. fig

mit diesem Schalter wird die Anlage in \Gang gesetzt this switch starts up the plant

kannst du den Motor wieder in \Gang bringen? can you get the engine going [or running] again?

sein Angebot hat die Verhandlungen wieder in \Gang gebracht his offer got the negotiations going again

etw in \Gang halten (a. fig) to keep sth going a. fig

den Motor in \Gang halten to keep the engine running

in \Gang kommen (a. fig) to get going a. fig

endlich sind die Verhandlungen in \Gang gekommen finally the negotiations have got going

die Vorbereitungen sind endlich in \Gang gekommen the preparations are finally underway

in \Gang sein (a. fig) to be going a. fig; Motor to be running

5. kein pl (Ablauf) course no pl; (Entwicklung, Handlung) development no pl

er verfolgte den \Gang der Geschäfte he followed the company's development

der \Gang der Dinge the course of events

seinen gewohnten [o alten] \Gang gehen to run its usual course

alles geht wieder seinen gewohnten \Gang everything is proceeding as normal

in [vollem] \Gang sein to be well underway; Feier to be in full swing

6. KOCHK (bei einem Menü) course

7. TECH, AUTO gear; (beim Fahrrad a.) speed

hast du den zweiten \Gang drin? (fam) are you in second gear?

einen \Gang einlegen to engage a gear

vorsichtig den ersten \Gang einlegen! carefully engage first gear!

den \Gang herausnehmen to put the car into neutral, to engage neutral

in den 2. \Gang schalten to change into 2nd gear

8. (Korridor) corridor; (Hausflur) [entrance] hall; (Durch-, Verbindungsgang) passage[way], corridor; (im Flugzeug, Theater, Zug, in der Kirche) aisle, gangway BRIT; (Säulengang) colonnade, passage; (in einem Bergwerk) tunnel, gallery

bitte warten Sie draußen auf dem \Gang please wait outside in the corridor

lass die Schuhe bitte draußen im \Gang stehen please leave your shoes outside in the hall

könnte ich einen Platz am \Gang haben? could I have an aisle seat?

rings um das Atrium führte ein überdachter \Gang there was a covered walkway all around the atrium

9. GEOL (Erzgang) vein

10. ANAT duct; (Gehörgang) meatus spec

11. TECH (eines Gewindes) thread

12. SPORT (in einem Rennen) heat

13.

▶ in die Gänge kommen (fam) to get going

er braucht 6 Tassen Kaffee, um morgens in die Gänge zu kommen he needs 6 cups of coffee to get going in the morning

▶ im \Gange sein to be going on

da ist etwas im \Gange something's up

gegen jdn ist etwas im \Gang[e] moves are being made against sb

gegen sie scheint eine Verschwörung im \Gang[e] zu sein there seems to be a conspiracy against her

▶ einen \Gang zulegen (fam) to get a move on fam

▶ einen \Gang zurückschalten (fam) to shift down a gear fig, to take things a bit easier

Gang²

<-, -s>

[gɛŋ]

f gang

* * *
I
der; Gang[e]s, Gänge

1) (Gehweise) walk; gait

jemanden am Gang erkennen — recognise somebody by the way he/she walks

2) (zu einem Ort)

einen Gang in die Stadt machen — go to town

einen schweren Gang tun od. gehen [müssen] — (fig.) [have to] do a difficult thing

3) (Besorgung) errand

4) o. Pl. (Bewegung) running

etwas in Gang bringen od. setzen/halten — get/keep something going

in Gang sein — be going; (Maschine) be running

in Gang kommen — get going; get off the ground

5) o. Pl. (Verlauf) course

seinen [gewohnten] Gang gehen — go on as usual

im Gang[e] sein — be in progress

6) (Technik) gear

den ersten Gang einlegen — engage first gear

in den ersten Gang [zurück]schalten — change [down] into first gear

einen Gang zulegen — (fig. ugs.) get a move on (coll.)

7) (Flur) (in Zügen, Gebäuden usw.) corridor; (VerbindungsGang) passage[-way]; (im Theater, Kino, Flugzeug) aisle

8) (unterirdisch) tunnel; passage[way]; (im Bergwerk) gallery; (eines Tierbaus) tunnel

9) (Kochk.) course
II
die; Gang, Gangs (Bande) gang

* * *

Gang¹ m; -(e)s, Gänge

1. nur sg; Art und Weise: walk, way sb walks, gait; (Tempo) pace;

gemächlicher/schleppender Gang amble/shuffle;

seinen Gang beschleunigen/verlangsamen quicken/slow one’s pace ( oder step);

er hatte einen unsicheren Gang he wasn’t very steady on his feet, he walked with an unsteady step

2. (Spaziergang) walk; (Besorgung) errand; (Weg) way;

letzter Gang geh fig last journey;

Gang nach Canossa HIST journey to Canossa; geh fig (act of) eating humble pie, act of self-abasement;

auf dem Gang zu on the ( oder one’s) way to;

einen Gang machen go ( oder be) on an errand;

einen Gang machen zu go to;

einen kleinen Gang machen take ( oder go for) a short walk;

Gänge besorgen run errands;

das war ein schwerer Gang that wasn’t easy, that was no easy business ( oder matter);

ihr erster Gang war … the first thing she did was (to) (+inf)

3. nur sg; TECH etc fig (Ggs Stillstand) operation; einer Maschine etc: running, working; (Wirkungsweise) action; fig (Fortschritt) progress; (Verlauf) course (+gen of);

einen leisen Gang haben TECH run quietly;

in Gang bringen oder

setzen TECH start, put into operation; fig get sth going; (Entwicklung etc) set sth in train;

in Gang sein TECH be running; fig be under way;

außer Gang setzen TECH put out of operation;

in Gang halten/kommen keep/get going;

in vollem Gang fig in full swing;

es ist etwas im Gange fig there’s something up ( oder afoot), there’s something (fishy) going on;

es ist etwas im Gange gegen fig there’s a plot being hatched against;

seinen Gang gehen fig take its course;

seinen gewohnten Gang gehen fig go ( oder carry) on as usual

4. (Flur) corridor; hinter Haustür: hallway; Treppenhaus, oberer Stock: landing;

auf dem Gang in the corridor ( oder hallway); oben: on the landing

5. unterirdisch oder in Tierbau: tunnel; Bergwerk: auch gallery; im Freien, mit Bogen: arcade; mit Säulen: colonnade; mit Bäumen etc: walk, alley; (Durchgang) passage(-way); zwischen Sitzreihen: aisle; in Bus, Flugzeug: auch gangway

6. TECH speed; Fahrrad: speed, gear; AUTO gear;

erster Gang first ( oder bottom) gear;

zweiter Gang second gear;

den Gang wechseln change (besonders US shift) gears;

den Gang herausnehmen change (besonders US shift) into neutral;

den zweiten Gang einlegen oder

in den zweiten Gang gehen oder

schalten change (besonders US shift) into second (gear);

durch die Gänge jagen run through the gears;

leg mal einen Gang zu! umg, fig step it up a gear!, US pick up the pace!;

ich muss einen Gang zurückschalten umg, fig (kürzer treten) I need to ease up a bit;

etwas kommt in die Gänge umg, fig (in Schwung, geht los) sth is starting to get going ( oder is really getting under way);

morgens habe ich immer Probleme, in die Gänge zu kommen I always have problems getting going in the morning

7. GASTR course;

Essen mit drei Gängen three-course meal

8. (Durchgang) Arbeit: operation; Fechten etc: bout; Rennen: heat; Sauna: session;

ich habe heute vier Gänge gemacht in der Sauna: I had four sessions today

9. ANAT duct, canal, passage

10. GEOL vein

11. TECH Gewinde: thread; (Röhre) duct

Gang² [ɡɛŋ] f; -, -s; umg gang

* * *
I
der; Gang[e]s, Gänge

1) (Gehweise) walk; gait

jemanden am Gang erkennen — recognise somebody by the way he/she walks

2) (zu einem Ort)

einen Gang in die Stadt machen — go to town

einen schweren Gang tun od. gehen [müssen] — (fig.) [have to] do a difficult thing

3) (Besorgung) errand

4) o. Pl. (Bewegung) running

etwas in Gang bringen od. setzen/halten — get/keep something going

in Gang sein — be going; (Maschine) be running

in Gang kommen — get going; get off the ground

5) o. Pl. (Verlauf) course

seinen [gewohnten] Gang gehen — go on as usual

im Gang[e] sein — be in progress

6) (Technik) gear

den ersten Gang einlegen — engage first gear

in den ersten Gang [zurück]schalten — change [down] into first gear

einen Gang zulegen — (fig. ugs.) get a move on (coll.)

7) (Flur) (in Zügen, Gebäuden usw.) corridor; (VerbindungsGang) passage[-way]; (im Theater, Kino, Flugzeug) aisle

8) (unterirdisch) tunnel; passage[way]; (im Bergwerk) gallery; (eines Tierbaus) tunnel

9) (Kochk.) course
II
die; Gang, Gangs (Bande) gang

* * *

¨-e (anatomisch) m.

duct n. ¨-e (beim Essen) m.

course n. ¨-e m.

action n.

corridor n.

errand n.

gait n.

gangway n.

gear n.

hallway n.

operation n.

passage n.

passageway n.

running n.

speed (gearbox) n.

visit n.

walk n.

walkway n.

way n.

working n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Gang
9 gang

Adj.: gang und gäbe sein be quite usual, be the usual thing; das ist ( hier) gang und gäbe auch that’s nothing unusual (around here)

* * *

der Gang

(Anatomie) canal;

(Auto) gear;

(Bewegungsablauf) walk; gait;

(Korridor) passage; hallway; corridor;

(Spaziergang) ambulation; walk; stroll;

(Speisefolge) course;

(Stuhlreihe) corridor; aisle; gangway

* * *
Gạng [gaŋ]
m -(e)s, ordm;e
['gɛŋə]
1) (no pl = Gangart) walk, way of walking, gait; (eines Pferdes) gait, pace

einen leichten Gang haben — to be light on one's feet, to walk lightly

einen schnellen Gang haben — to be a fast walker

jdn an seinem or am Gang erkennen — to recognize sb's walk or sb by the way he walks

jdn am aufrechten Gang erkennen — to recognize sb from his upright carriage

in aufrechtem Gang (fig) — with one's head held high

seinen Gang verlangsamen — to slow down

seinen Gang beschleunigen — to speed up

2) (= Besorgung) errand; (= Spaziergang) walk

einen Gang machen or tun — to go on an errand/for a walk

einen Gang zum Anwalt/zur Bank machen — to go to one's lawyer/the bank, to pay a visit to one's lawyer/the bank

einen schweren Gang tun — to do something difficult

das war für ihn immer ein schwerer Gang — it was always hard for him

ich muss einen schweren Gang tun — I have a difficult thing to do

sein erster Gang war... — the first thing he did was...

den Gang nach Canossa or Kanossa antreten (fig) — to eat humble pie

der Gang nach Canossa or Kanossa (Hist) — the pilgrimage to Canossa

der Gang an die Börse — flotation (on the stock exchange)

3) (no pl) (Bewegung eines Motors) running; (einer Maschine) running, operation; (= Ablauf) course; (eines Dramas) development

der Motor hat einen leisen Gang — the engine runs quietly

der Gang der Ereignisse/der Dinge — the course of events/things

seinen (gewohnten) Gang gehen (fig) — to run its usual course

etw in Gang bringen or setzen — to get or set sth going; (fig auch) to get sth off the ground or under way

etw in Gang halten (lit, fig) — to keep sth going; Maschine, Motor auch to keep sth running

in Gang kommen — to get going; (fig auch) to get off the ground or under way

in Gang sein — to be going; (Maschine auch) to be in operation, to be running; (Motor auch) to be running; (fig) to be off the ground or under way

in vollem Gang — in full swing

es ist etwas im Gang(e) (inf) — something's up (inf)

See:

→ tot

4) (= Arbeitsgang) operation; (eines Essens) course; (FECHTEN, im Zweikampf) bout; (beim Rennen) heat

ein Essen von or mit vier Gängen — a four-course meal

5) (= Verbindungsgang) passage(way); (RAIL, in Gebäuden) corridor; (= Hausflur) (offen) passage(way), close (Scot); (hinter Eingangstür) hallway; (im oberen Stock) landing; (zwischen Sitzreihen, in Geschäft) aisle; (= Tunnel in Stadion, zu Flugzeug) gangway; (= Säulengang) colonnade, passage; (= Bogengang) arcade, passage; (= Wandelgang) walk; (in einem Bergwerk) tunnel, gallery; (= Durchgang zwischen Häusern) passage(way); (ANAT) duct; (= Gehörgang) meatus; (MIN = Erzgang) vein; (TECH eines Gewindes) thread

6) (MECH) gear; (bei Fahrrad) gear, speed

den ersten Gang einschalten or einlegen — to engage first (gear)

auf or in den dritten Gang schalten — to change (Brit) or shift (US) into third (gear)

in die Gänge kommen (fig) — to get started or going

* * *

der

1) (a passage between rows of seats etc in a church, cinema etc.) aisle

2) (a division or part of a meal: Now we've had the soup, what's (for) the next course?) course

3) (a passageway, especially one off which rooms open: Go along the corridor and up the stairs.) corridor

4) ((plural rare) the way in which a person or animal walks: the old man's shuffling gait.) gait

5) (a combination of these wheels, eg in a car: The car is in first gear.) gear

6) (a way or manner of walking: I recognised her walk.) walk

* * *

Gang¹

<-[e]s, Gänge>

[ˈgaŋ, pl ˈgɛŋə]

m

1. kein pl (Gehweise) walk no pl, gait no pl, way no pl of walking

ich erkenne ihn schon am \Gang I recognize him from the way he walks

aufrechter \Gang upright carriage

seinen \Gang beschleunigen to quicken one's pace, to speed up

einen federnden \Gang haben to have a spring in one's step

einen schnellen/hinkenden \Gang haben to walk quickly/with a limp

einen unsicheren \Gang haben to be unsteady on one's feet

seinen \Gang verlangsamen to slow down

2. (Weg zu einem Ort) walk

sein erster \Gang war der zum Frühstückstisch the first thing he did was to go to the breakfast table

mein erster \Gang führte mich in das Büro des Chefs the first place I went to was the bosses office

ihr erster \Gang führte sie zu mir the first person she went to was me

ich traf sie auf dem \Gang zum Arzt I bumped into her on the way to the doctor's

der \Gang nach Canossa HIST the pilgrimage to Canossa

den \Gang nach Canossa antreten (fig) to eat humble pie fam

einen schweren \Gang tun [müssen] to [have to] do something difficult

3. (Besorgung) errand

jdm einen \Gang abnehmen to do an errand for sb

einen \Gang machen [o tun] to go on an errand

ich habe heute in der Stadt noch einige Gänge zu machen I must do [or go on] a few errands in town today

könntest du für mich einen \Gang zur Bank machen? could you go to the bank for me?

4. kein pl (Bewegung) operation no pl

die Uhr hat einen gleichmäßigen \Gang the clock operates smoothly

der Motor hat einen ruhigen \Gang the engine runs quietly

etw in \Gang bringen [o setzen] (a. fig) to get sth going a. fig

mit diesem Schalter wird die Anlage in \Gang gesetzt this switch starts up the plant

kannst du den Motor wieder in \Gang bringen? can you get the engine going [or running] again?

sein Angebot hat die Verhandlungen wieder in \Gang gebracht his offer got the negotiations going again

etw in \Gang halten (a. fig) to keep sth going a. fig

den Motor in \Gang halten to keep the engine running

in \Gang kommen (a. fig) to get going a. fig

endlich sind die Verhandlungen in \Gang gekommen finally the negotiations have got going

die Vorbereitungen sind endlich in \Gang gekommen the preparations are finally underway

in \Gang sein (a. fig) to be going a. fig; Motor to be running

5. kein pl (Ablauf) course no pl; (Entwicklung, Handlung) development no pl

er verfolgte den \Gang der Geschäfte he followed the company's development

der \Gang der Dinge the course of events

seinen gewohnten [o alten] \Gang gehen to run its usual course

alles geht wieder seinen gewohnten \Gang everything is proceeding as normal

in [vollem] \Gang sein to be well underway; Feier to be in full swing

6. KOCHK (bei einem Menü) course

7. TECH, AUTO gear; (beim Fahrrad a.) speed

hast du den zweiten \Gang drin? (fam) are you in second gear?

einen \Gang einlegen to engage a gear

vorsichtig den ersten \Gang einlegen! carefully engage first gear!

den \Gang herausnehmen to put the car into neutral, to engage neutral

in den 2. \Gang schalten to change into 2nd gear

8. (Korridor) corridor; (Hausflur) [entrance] hall; (Durch-, Verbindungsgang) passage[way], corridor; (im Flugzeug, Theater, Zug, in der Kirche) aisle, gangway BRIT; (Säulengang) colonnade, passage; (in einem Bergwerk) tunnel, gallery

bitte warten Sie draußen auf dem \Gang please wait outside in the corridor

lass die Schuhe bitte draußen im \Gang stehen please leave your shoes outside in the hall

könnte ich einen Platz am \Gang haben? could I have an aisle seat?

rings um das Atrium führte ein überdachter \Gang there was a covered walkway all around the atrium

9. GEOL (Erzgang) vein

10. ANAT duct; (Gehörgang) meatus spec

11. TECH (eines Gewindes) thread

12. SPORT (in einem Rennen) heat

13.

▶ in die Gänge kommen (fam) to get going

er braucht 6 Tassen Kaffee, um morgens in die Gänge zu kommen he needs 6 cups of coffee to get going in the morning

▶ im \Gange sein to be going on

da ist etwas im \Gange something's up

gegen jdn ist etwas im \Gang[e] moves are being made against sb

gegen sie scheint eine Verschwörung im \Gang[e] zu sein there seems to be a conspiracy against her

▶ einen \Gang zulegen (fam) to get a move on fam

▶ einen \Gang zurückschalten (fam) to shift down a gear fig, to take things a bit easier

Gang²

<-, -s>

[gɛŋ]

f gang

* * *
I
der; Gang[e]s, Gänge

1) (Gehweise) walk; gait

jemanden am Gang erkennen — recognise somebody by the way he/she walks

2) (zu einem Ort)

einen Gang in die Stadt machen — go to town

einen schweren Gang tun od. gehen [müssen] — (fig.) [have to] do a difficult thing

3) (Besorgung) errand

4) o. Pl. (Bewegung) running

etwas in Gang bringen od. setzen/halten — get/keep something going

in Gang sein — be going; (Maschine) be running

in Gang kommen — get going; get off the ground

5) o. Pl. (Verlauf) course

seinen [gewohnten] Gang gehen — go on as usual

im Gang[e] sein — be in progress

6) (Technik) gear

den ersten Gang einlegen — engage first gear

in den ersten Gang [zurück]schalten — change [down] into first gear

einen Gang zulegen — (fig. ugs.) get a move on (coll.)

7) (Flur) (in Zügen, Gebäuden usw.) corridor; (VerbindungsGang) passage[-way]; (im Theater, Kino, Flugzeug) aisle

8) (unterirdisch) tunnel; passage[way]; (im Bergwerk) gallery; (eines Tierbaus) tunnel

9) (Kochk.) course
II
die; Gang, Gangs (Bande) gang

* * *

gang adj:

gang und gäbe sein be quite usual, be the usual thing;

das ist (hier) gang und gäbe auch that’s nothing unusual (around here)

* * *
I
der; Gang[e]s, Gänge

1) (Gehweise) walk; gait

jemanden am Gang erkennen — recognise somebody by the way he/she walks

2) (zu einem Ort)

einen Gang in die Stadt machen — go to town

einen schweren Gang tun od. gehen [müssen] — (fig.) [have to] do a difficult thing

3) (Besorgung) errand

4) o. Pl. (Bewegung) running

etwas in Gang bringen od. setzen/halten — get/keep something going

in Gang sein — be going; (Maschine) be running

in Gang kommen — get going; get off the ground

5) o. Pl. (Verlauf) course

seinen [gewohnten] Gang gehen — go on as usual

im Gang[e] sein — be in progress

6) (Technik) gear

den ersten Gang einlegen — engage first gear

in den ersten Gang [zurück]schalten — change [down] into first gear

einen Gang zulegen — (fig. ugs.) get a move on (coll.)

7) (Flur) (in Zügen, Gebäuden usw.) corridor; (VerbindungsGang) passage[-way]; (im Theater, Kino, Flugzeug) aisle

8) (unterirdisch) tunnel; passage[way]; (im Bergwerk) gallery; (eines Tierbaus) tunnel

9) (Kochk.) course
II
die; Gang, Gangs (Bande) gang

* * *

¨-e (anatomisch) m.

duct n. ¨-e (beim Essen) m.

course n. ¨-e m.

action n.

corridor n.

errand n.

gait n.

gangway n.

gear n.

hallway n.

operation n.

passage n.

passageway n.

running n.

speed (gearbox) n.

visit n.

walk n.

walkway n.

way n.

working n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > gang
10 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
11 трудно

I
1) кратк. прил. см. трудный

2) предик. безл. (дт.; о трудном положении)

мне [ему́] тру́дно — I am [he is] in difficulty

они́ помога́ли, когда́ бы́ло тру́дно — they helped when times were difficult [in difficult times]

в те го́ды всем бы́ло тру́дно — life was difficult for everybody in those years, everybody had a difficult time then

3) предик. безл. (дт. + инф.; о затруднительности какого-л действия) it is difficult / hard (for + to inf)

тру́дно пове́рить э́тому — it is difficult / hard to believe it

ему́ тру́дно поня́ть — it is difficult / hard for him to understand

тру́дно сказа́ть — it's hard to say

мне тру́дно суди́ть — it's hard for me to tell

ему́ тру́дно учи́ться — it is difficult for him to study

вам не тру́дно закры́ть окно́? — would it be too much of a trouble for you to close the window?, may I trouble you to close the window?; would you mind closing the window?

мне совсе́м не тру́дно э́то сде́лать — it's no trouble at all (for me to do it)
II нареч.
with difficulty

перегово́ры иду́т тру́дно — the negotiations are making difficult progress

им тру́дно живётся — they are living a hard / difficult life, they are having a difficult time

Новый большой русско-английский словарь > трудно
12 avanzar

v.

1 to advance.

las tropas continúan avanzando the troops are still advancing

el tráfico no avanzaba the traffic wasn't moving

Mi chico avanza en la escuela My boy advances in school.

Ricardo avanzó las ventas Richard advanced=promoted sales.

2 to make progress.

está avanzando mucho en sus estudios she's making very good progress with her studies

esta tecnología avanza a gran velocidad this technology is developing very quickly

3 to pass (time).

el tiempo avanza muy deprisa time passes quickly

a medida que avanza el siglo as the century draws on

4 to move forward.

El coche avanza lentamente The car moves forward slowly.

* * *

avanzar

Conjugation model [ REALIZAR], like realizar

► verbo intransitivo

1 to advance, go forward

► verbo transitivo

1 (mover adelante) to advance, move forward

2 (dinero) to advance

3 (promover) to promote

4 (una propuesta) to put forward

► verbo pronominal avanzarse

1 (adelantarse) to go forward, advance; (día, noche) to draw in

* * *

verb

1) to advance, move forward

2) progress

* * *

1. VT

1) (=mover) to move forward, advance

avanzó la ficha cuatro casillas — he moved the counter forward four spaces, he advanced the counter four spaces

avanza un poco tu silla — move your chair forward a bit

2) [+ dinero] to advance

3) [+ opinión, propuesta] to put forward

4) [+ resultado] to predict; [+ predicción] to make

5) Caribe (=vomitar) to vomit

2. VI

1) (=ir hacia adelante) to advance, move forward

el ejército avanzó de madrugada — the army advanced o moved forward at dawn

no me esperéis, seguid avanzando — don't wait for me, carry on

2) (=progresar) to make progress

estudio mucho pero no avanzo — I work hard but I don't make any progress o headway

ha avanzado mucho en química — she has made great progress in chemistry

las conversaciones de paz no parecen avanzar — the peace talks do not seem to be progressing o making (any) progress

la genética avanza a ritmo vertiginoso — genetics is progressing o advancing at a dizzy speed

3) [noche, invierno] to draw on, approach

3.

See:

avanzarse

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

a) persona/tráfico to advance, move forward

avanzar hacia la democracia — to move o advance toward(s) democracy

las tropas avanzan hacia la capital — the troops are advancing on the capital

b) ciencia/medicina to advance

c) cinta/rollo to wind on

d) persona (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; negociaciones/proyecto to progress

e) tiempo to draw on
2.
avanzar vt

a) ( adelantarse) to move forward, advance

avanzaron unos pasos — they moved forward a few steps

b) ( mover) to move... forward, advance

avanzó un peón — he moved o pushed a pawn forward

c) < propuesta> to put forward

* * *

= gain + ground, get + far, go forward, make + gains, make + progress, move ahead, move on, move onwardly, move up, page (through), progress, advance, proceed, press on, come along, fast-forward, take + a step forward, get + ahead, move forward, make + step, take + strides, make + advances, develop, move along, get + unstuck, press forward (with), move + forward, go forth, make + headway.

Ex. Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.

Ex. If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.

Ex. Thus, if you want to reply yes, enter a 'y'; if you want to go forward, enter 'f'.

Ex. Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.

Ex. We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.

Ex. It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.

Ex. Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.

Ex. In its simplest statement, the prime goal of any act of education is that it should serve us in the future... takes us somewhere... let us move onwardly more easily.

Ex. Now we move up the chain providing index entries for each of the potentially sought terms.

Ex. The system displays the records in brief format and the user can 'page' through the matches until the required record is found.

Ex. It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.

Ex. All this is not to be impulsively regretted since specialized studies can advance in no other way, but synthesis becomes increasingly important and dishearteningly more difficult.

Ex. Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.

Ex. Hoping the gentler tone and the more relaxed manner meant that her anger was abating, the young man pressed on less apprehensively.

Ex. However, we have not heard the final word by any means for there are new products and improved examples of existing products coming along.

Ex. Modern machines have an automatic facility for fast-forward and rewind as well as a manual control for slower, more precise location of the required information on the microfilm.

Ex. LCSH has taken a further step forward with the use of computer-controlled typesetting.

Ex. Low-income urban families simply do not have any use for the traditional library or indeed any motivation for self-improvement and getting ahead = Las familias urbanas con ingresos bajos simplemente no tienen la necesidad de usar la biblioteca tradicional o de hecho no sienten motivación para la superación personal y para avanzar.

Ex. This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.

Ex. Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.

Ex. In the half century since the publication of McKerrow's Introduction bibliography has taken giant strides in many directions.

Ex. The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.

Ex. The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.

Ex. As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.

Ex. In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.

Ex. The company is pressing forward with the construction of an environment and a system that permit all employees to demonstrate their full capabilities.

Ex. Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.

Ex. Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.

Ex. Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.

----

* a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.

* a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.

* avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.

* avanzar a toda máquina = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a toda pastilla = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo gas = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo vapor = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a trancas y barrancas = flounder, grind on.

* avanzar a un ritmo vertiginoso = proceed + at a blistering pace.

* avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).

* avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.

* avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.

* avanzar en una carrera profesional = further + a career.

* avanzar fácilmente = coast.

* avanzar gradualmente (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).

* avanzar hacia = move into, move toward(s).

* avanzar hacia abajo = work + Posesivo + way down.

* avanzar lentamente = creep, creep along.

* avanzar lenta y pesadamente = trundle.

* avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.

* avanzar muy despacio = creep, creep along.

* avanzar poco a poco = shuffle along.

* avanzar poco a poco (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).

* avanzar profesionalmente dentro de la institución = rise through + the ranks.

* avanzar rápidamente = gallop.

* avanzar viento en popa = steam ahead.

* conforme + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.

* conforme + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.

* dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.

* hacer avanzar = nudge + Nombre + forward, push + the frontiers of, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into, push + the boundaries of.

* hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.

* hacer avanzar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.

* hacer que + Nombre + avance = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.

* no avanzar = tread + water.

* no avanzar más = go + no further.

* que avanza lentamente = crawling.

* que avanza rápidamente = fast-developing.

* seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.

* tiempo + avanzar inexorablemente = time + march on.

* * *
1.
verbo intransitivo

a) persona/tráfico to advance, move forward

avanzar hacia la democracia — to move o advance toward(s) democracy

las tropas avanzan hacia la capital — the troops are advancing on the capital

b) ciencia/medicina to advance

c) cinta/rollo to wind on

d) persona (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; negociaciones/proyecto to progress

e) tiempo to draw on
2.
avanzar vt

a) ( adelantarse) to move forward, advance

avanzaron unos pasos — they moved forward a few steps

b) ( mover) to move... forward, advance

avanzó un peón — he moved o pushed a pawn forward

c) < propuesta> to put forward

* * *

= gain + ground, get + far, go forward, make + gains, make + progress, move ahead, move on, move onwardly, move up, page (through), progress, advance, proceed, press on, come along, fast-forward, take + a step forward, get + ahead, move forward, make + step, take + strides, make + advances, develop, move along, get + unstuck, press forward (with), move + forward, go forth, make + headway.

Ex: Standardisation of formats is less developed; however UNIMARC is gaining ground as a national exchange format, whilst USMARC is also used by university and public libraries.

Ex: If scientific reasoning were limited to the logical processes of arithmetic, we should not get far in our understanding of the physical world.

Ex: Thus, if you want to reply yes, enter a 'y'; if you want to go forward, enter 'f'.

Ex: Expenditures in public libraries in the USA rose sharply in 1988 while use continued to make modest gains, with the greatest increase in juvenile loans.

Ex: We could then simply alter our expectations accordingly, and exult in the progress we have made.

Ex: It is impatient with Juctionville for its failure to move ahead as fast as it would like and is bothered by the city's drabness and general lack of class and culture.

Ex: Rather readers grow by fits and starts now rushing ahead, now lying fallow, and now moving steadily on.

Ex: In its simplest statement, the prime goal of any act of education is that it should serve us in the future... takes us somewhere... let us move onwardly more easily.

Ex: Now we move up the chain providing index entries for each of the potentially sought terms.

Ex: The system displays the records in brief format and the user can 'page' through the matches until the required record is found.

Ex: It is normally taken to indicate that the document has been revised, if a work has progressed to a second or subsequent edition.

Ex: All this is not to be impulsively regretted since specialized studies can advance in no other way, but synthesis becomes increasingly important and dishearteningly more difficult.

Ex: Before we proceed to look at the operators in detail, a couple of examples may help to make the layout clearer.

Ex: Hoping the gentler tone and the more relaxed manner meant that her anger was abating, the young man pressed on less apprehensively.

Ex: However, we have not heard the final word by any means for there are new products and improved examples of existing products coming along.

Ex: Modern machines have an automatic facility for fast-forward and rewind as well as a manual control for slower, more precise location of the required information on the microfilm.

Ex: LCSH has taken a further step forward with the use of computer-controlled typesetting.

Ex: Low-income urban families simply do not have any use for the traditional library or indeed any motivation for self-improvement and getting ahead = Las familias urbanas con ingresos bajos simplemente no tienen la necesidad de usar la biblioteca tradicional o de hecho no sienten motivación para la superación personal y para avanzar.

Ex: This article argues the need to move forward with the infotech culture without abandoning the service culture.

Ex: Schucking noted that early step when a child's 'imagination awakes, without corresponding development of the critical faculty,' a step most children make before they reach school age = Schucking se percató de ese primer paso en el niño cuando "se despierta su imaginación sin el correspondiente desarrollo de la capacidad crítica", un paso que dan la mayoría de los niños antes de alcanzar la edad escolar.

Ex: In the half century since the publication of McKerrow's Introduction bibliography has taken giant strides in many directions.

Ex: The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.

Ex: The economics journal system has not grown and developed in a structured fashion, which has resulted in overspill into report literature.

Ex: As university libraries move along this continuum they will become evolutionary, non-hierarchical, entrepreneurial and horizontal.

Ex: In addition, students can use the glossary to get 'unstuck' while learning.

Ex: The company is pressing forward with the construction of an environment and a system that permit all employees to demonstrate their full capabilities.

Ex: Kuwait is not going backwards, but definitely not moving forward.

Ex: Finally six men agreed to go forth in their underclothes and nooses around their necks in hopeful expectation that their sacrifice would satisfy the king's bloodlust and he would spare the rest of the citizens.

Ex: Governments are making headway in negotiations aimed at reaching an ambitious and effective global greenhouse gas reduction treaty.

* a medida que + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.

* a medida que + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.

* avanzar a duras penas = flounder, grind on.

* avanzar a toda máquina = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a toda mecha = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a toda pastilla = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo gas = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo meter = go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a todo vapor = steam ahead, go + full steam ahead.

* avanzar a trancas y barrancas = flounder, grind on.

* avanzar a un ritmo vertiginoso = proceed + at a blistering pace.

* avanzar con dificultad = wade through, limp, slog along, plod (along/through).

* avanzar con gran dificultad = grind on.

* avanzar en + Posesivo + trabajo = advance + Posesivo + work, advance + Posesivo + work.

* avanzar en una carrera profesional = further + a career.

* avanzar fácilmente = coast.

* avanzar gradualmente (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).

* avanzar hacia = move into, move toward(s).

* avanzar hacia abajo = work + Posesivo + way down.

* avanzar lentamente = creep, creep along.

* avanzar lenta y pesadamente = trundle.

* avanzar mucho = travel + a long way down the road.

* avanzar muy despacio = creep, creep along.

* avanzar poco a poco = shuffle along.

* avanzar poco a poco (hacia) = edge (toward(s)).

* avanzar profesionalmente dentro de la institución = rise through + the ranks.

* avanzar rápidamente = gallop.

* avanzar viento en popa = steam ahead.

* conforme + avanzar + el año = as the year + wear on.

* conforme + avanzar + el día = as the day + wear on.

* dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.

* hacer avanzar = nudge + Nombre + forward, push + the frontiers of, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into, push + the boundaries of.

* hacer avanzar el conocimiento = push back + the frontiers of knowledge.

* hacer avanzar hacia = nudge + Nombre + toward.

* hacer que + Nombre + avance = take + Nombre + a/one step forward.

* no avanzar = tread + water.

* no avanzar más = go + no further.

* que avanza lentamente = crawling.

* que avanza rápidamente = fast-developing.

* seguir avanzando = forge + ahead, forge + forward.

* tiempo + avanzar inexorablemente = time + march on.

* * *

avanzar [A4 ]

vi

1 «tropas/persona/tráfico» to advance, move forward avanzar HACIA algo:

las tropas avanzan hacia la capital the troops are advancing on the capital

el país avanza hacia la democracia the country is moving o advancing toward(s) democracy

2 ( Fot) «rollo» to wind on

3 «persona» (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress; «negociaciones/proyecto» to progress

no estoy avanzando mucho con este trabajo I'm not making much progress o headway o I'm not getting very far with this work

4 «tiempo» to draw on

■ avanzar

vt

1 (adelantarse) to move forward, advance

avanzaron unos pasos they moved forward o advanced a few steps, they took a few steps forward

2 (mover) to move … forward, advance

avanzó un peón he moved o pushed a pawn forward, he advanced a pawn

3 ‹propuesta› to put forward

* * *

avanzar ( conjugate avanzar) verbo intransitivo
a) [persona/tráfico] to advance, move forward

b) [ciencia/medicina] to advance

c) [cinta/rollo] to wind on

d) [ persona] (en los estudios, el trabajo) to make progress;

[negociaciones/proyecto] to progress
e) [ tiempo] to draw on

verbo transitivo
a) ( adelantarse) to move forward, advance

b) ( mover) to move … forward, advance

avanzar verbo transitivo to advance, make progress
' avanzar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
sacudida
- salto
- tantear
- adelantar
English:
advance
- come forward
- crawl
- edge
- freewheel
- go forward
- headway
- move
- move along
- pace
- proceed
- progress
- struggle along
- struggle on
- surge
- wind
- fast
- head
- hover
- inch
- lumber
- scroll
- somewhere

* * *

avanzar

♦ vi

1. [moverse] to advance;

las tropas continúan avanzando the troops are still advancing;

el tráfico no avanzaba the traffic wasn't moving

2. [progresar] to make progress;

está avanzando mucho en sus estudios she's making very good progress with her studies;

esta tecnología avanza a gran velocidad this technology is developing very quickly

3. [tiempo] to pass;

el tiempo avanza muy deprisa time passes very quickly;

a medida que avanza el siglo as the century draws on

4. [carrete] to wind on

♦ vt

1. [adelantar] to move forward;

las tropas avanzaron sus posiciones the troops advanced their position;

avanzaron varias posiciones en la clasificación de liga they moved up several places in the league

2. [noticias]
avanzar algo a alguien to inform sb of sth in advance;

les avanzó los resultados del estudio she informed them of the results of the study before it was published

3. [carrete] to wind on

* * *

avanzar

I v/t

1 move forward, advance;

avanzar un pie take a step forward

2 dinero advance

II v/i

1 advance, move forward; MIL advance ( hacia on)

2 en trabajo make progress

* * *

avanzar {21} v

: to advance, to move forward

* * *

avanzar vb

1. (progresar) to make progress / to get on

ha avanzado mucho en inglés he's made good progress in English

2. (ir hacia delante) to advance / to move forward

avanzó la ficha he moved the counter forward

Spanish-English dictionary > avanzar
13 dirigir

v.

1 to steer (conducir) (coche, barco).

2 to manage (llevar) (empresa, hotel, hospital).

dirige mi tesis, me dirige la tesis he's supervising my thesis, he's my PhD supervisor

3 to direct.

Ella dirigió el caso She directed the case.

Ella dirige al equipo She directs the team.

4 to address (carta, paquete).

5 to guide (guiar) (person).

6 to point, to range.

Ellos dirigen al misil They point the missile.

7 to drive, to steer, to pilot, to head.

Ella dirige el avión She drives the plane.

8 to conduct.

Ella dirige la orquesta She conducts the orchestra.

* * *

DIRIGIR

CONJUGACIÓN

(g changes to j before a and o)

Present Indicative

dirijo, diriges, dirige, dirigimos, dirigís, dirigen.

Present Subjunctive

dirija, dirijas, dirija, dirijamos, dirijáis, dirijan.

Imperative

dirige (tú), dirija (él/Vd.), dirijamos (nos.), dirigid (vos.), dirijan (ellos/Vds.).

* * *

verb

1) to direct, lead

2) conduct

3) address

* * *

1. VT

1) (=orientar) [+ persona] to direct; [+ asunto] to advise, guide

lo dirigió con ayuda de un mapa — she showed him the way o directed him with the help of a map

¿por qué no vas tú delante y nos diriges? — why don't you go first and lead the way?

un asesor le dirige las finanzas — a consultant advises him on his finances

estos principios dirigen nuestra política — these are the guiding principles behind our policy

dirigían sus pasos hacia la iglesia — they made their way o walked towards the church
palabra 2)
2) (=apuntar) [+ arma, telescopio] to aim, point (a, hacia at)
[+ manguera] to turn (a, hacia on) point (a, hacia at)
dirigió los focos al escenario — he pointed o directed the lights towards the stage

ordenó dirigir el fuego hacia el enemigo — he ordered them to direct o aim their fire at the enemy

3) (=destinar)

a) [+ carta, comentario, pregunta] to address (a to)

la carta iba dirigida al director — the letter was addressed to the editor

b) [+ libro, programa, producto] to aim (a at)

una publicación dirigida al mercado infantil — a publication aimed at the children's market

c) [+ acusación, críticas] to make (a, contra against)
level (a, contra at, against) [+ ataques] to make (a, contra against)
dirigieron graves acusaciones contra el ministro — serious accusations were made against the minister, serious accusations were levelled at o against the minister

le dirigieron fuertes críticas — he was strongly criticized, he came in for some strong criticism

d) [+ esfuerzos] to direct (a, hacia to, towards)

hay que dirigir todos nuestros esfuerzos hacia este fin — we must direct all our efforts to this end

4) (=controlar) [+ empresa, hospital, centro de enseñanza] to run; [+ periódico, revista] to edit, run; [+ expedición, país, sublevación] to lead; [+ maniobra, operación, investigación] to direct, be in charge of; [+ debate] to chair; [+ proceso judicial] to preside over; [+ tesis] to supervise; [+ juego, partido] to referee

dirige el Departamento de Biología — he runs the Biology Department

el Partido Comunista dirigió los destinos del país durante siete décadas — the Communist Party controlled the fate of the country for seven decades

el equipo de jugadores que dirige Muñoz — the team of players led by Muñoz

dirigió la investigación desde Madrid — he directed the investigation from Madrid

dirigió mal las negociaciones — he handled the negotiations badly, he mismanaged the negotiations
cotarro 1)
5) (Cine, Teat) to direct

6) (Mús) [+ orquesta, concierto] to conduct; [+ coro] to lead

¿quién dirigirá el coro? — who will be the choirmaster?, who will lead the choir?

7) (=conducir) [+ coche] to drive; [+ barco] to steer; [+ caballo] to lead

dirigió su coche hacia la izquierda — he steered o drove his car towards the left

2.

See:

dirigirse

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) < empresa> to manage, run; <periódico/revista> to run, edit; <investigación/tesis> to supervise; < debate> to lead, chair

dirigir el tráfico — to direct o control the traffic

b) <obra/película> to direct

c) < orquesta> to conduct

2)

a)

dirigir algo a alguien — <mensaje/carta> to address something to somebody; < críticas> to direct something to somebody

el presidente dirigirá un mensaje a la nación — the president will address the nation

el folleto va dirigido a los padres — the booklet is aimed at parents

la pregunta iba dirigida a usted — the question was meant for you

no me dirigió la palabra — he didn't say a word to me

b)

dirigir algo hacia or a algo/alguien — < telescopio> to point something toward(s) something/somebody; < pistola> to point something toward(s) something/somebody

dirigir la mirada hacia or a algo/alguien — to look at something/somebody

le dirigió una mirada de reproche — she gave him a reproachful look

dirigió sus pasos hacia la esquina — he walked toward(s) the corner

3) ( encaminar)

dirigir algo a + inf — < esfuerzos> to channel something into -ing; <energía/atención> to direct something toward(s) -ing

acciones dirigidas a aliviar el problema — measures aimed at alleviating the problem
2.
dirigirse v pron

1) ( encaminarse)

dirigirse hacia algo — to head for something

2)

dirigirse a alguien — ( oralmente) to speak o talk to somebody; ( por escrito) to write to somebody

me dirijo a Vd. para solicitarle... — (Corresp) I am writing to request...

* * *

= address, channel, direct, gear (to/toward(s)/for), lead, man, pitch, route, run, steer, head, signpost, give + direction, angle, rule over, lend + direction, shepherd, choreograph, key + Nombre + to.

Ex. More can be assumed in instructions addressed to the experienced information searcher than in instructions for the novice.

Ex. Users make suggestions for modifications and these are then channelled through a series of committees.

Ex. This statement directs the user to adopt a number more specific terms in preference to the general term.

Ex. Most of the main subject headings lists are geared to the alphabetical subject approach found in dictionary catalogues.

Ex. A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.

Ex. The responsibility for manning the one telephone left at the disposal of a residue of callers fell to a single officer who had other duties to carry out to justify his keep.

Ex. Thus pitching instructions at the right level can be difficult.

Ex. Requests which cannot be filled by local or regional libraries are automatically routed by the system to NLM as the library of last resort.

Ex. The service is run by Radio-Suisse and can be accessed via de PSS.

Ex. They decided that they had to set up information and referral services to steer people to the correct agency.

Ex. A stickler for details, sometimes to the point of compulsion, Edmonds was deemed a fortuitous choice to head the monumental reorganization process.

Ex. There is a need for a firststop organization that could signpost the public through the maze of government agencies and social welfare organizations.

Ex. To give direction to these physical resources, there are objectives for the project and a framework timetable.

Ex. This publication seems to find particular favour in law firms, possibly because of its currency and the way it is angled towards the commercial world.

Ex. From the impressive library of his mansion home on Beacon Hill, Ticknor ruled over Boston's intellectual life and was looked to as the leading arbiter of intellectual and social life in that great city.

Ex. Policies are guidelines that lend direction to planning and decision-making.

Ex. He showed the ability of a single mind to shepherd cultural ventures.

Ex. Response to reading room theft should be carefully choreographed but decisive.

Ex. The case study found that children do have the ability to use a classification scheme that is keyed to their developmental level.

----

* dirigir el cotarro = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

* dirigir el esfuerzo = direct + effort, direct + energy.

* dirigir información a = direct + information towards.

* dirigir interpretación musical = conduct.

* dirigir la atención = put + focus.

* dirigir la atención a = turn to, direct + Posesivo + attention to(ward).

* dirigir la mirada hacia = look toward(s).

* dirigir la palabra = be civil towards.

* dirigir los intereses de uno = break into.

* dirigir + Posesivo + atención = turn + Posesivo + attention, turn + Posesivo + thoughts.

* dirigir + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.

* dirigir + Posesivo + mirada = turn + Posesivo + thoughts.

* dirigirse = be headed, head, head out.

* dirigirse a = aim at, check with, turn over to, turn to, make + Posesivo + way to, set off to, turn to, head for, reach out to, head off for/to.

* dirigirse a Alguien = approach + Alguien.

* dirigirse amenazadoramente hacia = bear down on.

* dirigirse a toda prisa hacia = make + haste towards.

* dirigirse en multitud = beat + the path to.

* dirigirse hacia = be on + Posesivo + way to, start toward, move toward(s), be heading towards, head for, turn into.

* dirigirse hacia + Dirección = push + Dirección.

* dirigirse hacia el oeste = push + westward(s).

* dirigirse la palabra = on speaking terms.

* dirigirse rápidamente hacia = make + haste towards.

* dirigir una crítica hacia = level + criticism at.

* dirigir una tesis = supervise + dissertation, supervise + thesis.

* dirigir un servicio = run + service.

* lectura no dirigida = undirected reading.

* * *
1.
verbo transitivo

1)

a) < empresa> to manage, run; <periódico/revista> to run, edit; <investigación/tesis> to supervise; < debate> to lead, chair

dirigir el tráfico — to direct o control the traffic

b) <obra/película> to direct

c) < orquesta> to conduct

2)

a)

dirigir algo a alguien — <mensaje/carta> to address something to somebody; < críticas> to direct something to somebody

el presidente dirigirá un mensaje a la nación — the president will address the nation

el folleto va dirigido a los padres — the booklet is aimed at parents

la pregunta iba dirigida a usted — the question was meant for you

no me dirigió la palabra — he didn't say a word to me

b)

dirigir algo hacia or a algo/alguien — < telescopio> to point something toward(s) something/somebody; < pistola> to point something toward(s) something/somebody

dirigir la mirada hacia or a algo/alguien — to look at something/somebody

le dirigió una mirada de reproche — she gave him a reproachful look

dirigió sus pasos hacia la esquina — he walked toward(s) the corner

3) ( encaminar)

dirigir algo a + inf — < esfuerzos> to channel something into -ing; <energía/atención> to direct something toward(s) -ing

acciones dirigidas a aliviar el problema — measures aimed at alleviating the problem
2.
dirigirse v pron

1) ( encaminarse)

dirigirse hacia algo — to head for something

2)

dirigirse a alguien — ( oralmente) to speak o talk to somebody; ( por escrito) to write to somebody

me dirijo a Vd. para solicitarle... — (Corresp) I am writing to request...

* * *

= address, channel, direct, gear (to/toward(s)/for), lead, man, pitch, route, run, steer, head, signpost, give + direction, angle, rule over, lend + direction, shepherd, choreograph, key + Nombre + to.

Ex: More can be assumed in instructions addressed to the experienced information searcher than in instructions for the novice.

Ex: Users make suggestions for modifications and these are then channelled through a series of committees.

Ex: This statement directs the user to adopt a number more specific terms in preference to the general term.

Ex: Most of the main subject headings lists are geared to the alphabetical subject approach found in dictionary catalogues.

Ex: A book index is an alphabetically arranged list of words or terms leading the reader to the numbers of pages on which specific topics are considered, or on which specific names appear.

Ex: The responsibility for manning the one telephone left at the disposal of a residue of callers fell to a single officer who had other duties to carry out to justify his keep.

Ex: Thus pitching instructions at the right level can be difficult.

Ex: Requests which cannot be filled by local or regional libraries are automatically routed by the system to NLM as the library of last resort.

Ex: The service is run by Radio-Suisse and can be accessed via de PSS.

Ex: They decided that they had to set up information and referral services to steer people to the correct agency.

Ex: A stickler for details, sometimes to the point of compulsion, Edmonds was deemed a fortuitous choice to head the monumental reorganization process.

Ex: There is a need for a firststop organization that could signpost the public through the maze of government agencies and social welfare organizations.

Ex: To give direction to these physical resources, there are objectives for the project and a framework timetable.

Ex: This publication seems to find particular favour in law firms, possibly because of its currency and the way it is angled towards the commercial world.

Ex: From the impressive library of his mansion home on Beacon Hill, Ticknor ruled over Boston's intellectual life and was looked to as the leading arbiter of intellectual and social life in that great city.

Ex: Policies are guidelines that lend direction to planning and decision-making.

Ex: He showed the ability of a single mind to shepherd cultural ventures.

Ex: Response to reading room theft should be carefully choreographed but decisive.

Ex: The case study found that children do have the ability to use a classification scheme that is keyed to their developmental level.

* dirigir el cotarro = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost.

* dirigir el esfuerzo = direct + effort, direct + energy.

* dirigir información a = direct + information towards.

* dirigir interpretación musical = conduct.

* dirigir la atención = put + focus.

* dirigir la atención a = turn to, direct + Posesivo + attention to(ward).

* dirigir la mirada hacia = look toward(s).

* dirigir la palabra = be civil towards.

* dirigir los intereses de uno = break into.

* dirigir + Posesivo + atención = turn + Posesivo + attention, turn + Posesivo + thoughts.

* dirigir + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.

* dirigir + Posesivo + mirada = turn + Posesivo + thoughts.

* dirigirse = be headed, head, head out.

* dirigirse a = aim at, check with, turn over to, turn to, make + Posesivo + way to, set off to, turn to, head for, reach out to, head off for/to.

* dirigirse a Alguien = approach + Alguien.

* dirigirse amenazadoramente hacia = bear down on.

* dirigirse a toda prisa hacia = make + haste towards.

* dirigirse en multitud = beat + the path to.

* dirigirse hacia = be on + Posesivo + way to, start toward, move toward(s), be heading towards, head for, turn into.

* dirigirse hacia + Dirección = push + Dirección.

* dirigirse hacia el oeste = push + westward(s).

* dirigirse la palabra = on speaking terms.

* dirigirse rápidamente hacia = make + haste towards.

* dirigir una crítica hacia = level + criticism at.

* dirigir una tesis = supervise + dissertation, supervise + thesis.

* dirigir un servicio = run + service.

* lectura no dirigida = undirected reading.

* * *

dirigir [I7 ]

vt

A

1 ‹empresa› to manage, run; ‹periódico/revista› to run, edit; ‹investigación/tesis› to supervise; ‹debate› to lead, chair

dirigió la operación de rescate he led o directed the rescue operation

dirigir el tráfico to direct o control the traffic

2 ‹obra/película› to direct

3 ‹orquesta› to conduct

B

1 ‹mensaje/carta› dirigir algo A algn to address sth TO sb

esta noche el presidente dirigirá un mensaje a la nación the president will address the nation tonight

la carta venía dirigida a mí the letter was addressed to me

dirigió unas palabras de bienvenida a los congresistas he addressed a few words of welcome to the delegates

las críticas iban dirigidas a los organizadores the criticisms were directed at the organizers

el folleto va dirigido a padres y educadores the booklet is aimed at parents and teachers

la pregunta iba dirigida a usted the question was meant for you, I asked you the question

no me dirigió la palabra he didn't say a word to me

2 ‹mirada/pasos/telescopio›

dirigió la mirada hacia el horizonte he looked toward(s) the horizon, he turned his eyes o his gaze toward(s) the horizon

le dirigió una mirada de reproche she looked at him reproachfully, she gave him a reproachful look

dirigió sus pasos hacia la esquina he walked toward(s) the corner

dirigió el telescopio hacia la luna he pointed the telescope toward(s) the moon

C (encaminar) ‹esfuerzos/acciones› dirigir algo A + INF:

acciones dirigidas a aliviar el problema measures aimed at alleviating o measures designed to alleviate the problem

dirigiremos todos nuestros esfuerzos a lograr un acuerdo we shall channel all our efforts into o direct all our efforts toward(s) reaching an agreement

■ dirigirse

v pron

A

(ir): nos dirigíamos al aeropuerto we were heading for o we were going to o we were on our way to the airport

se dirigió a su despacho con paso decidido he strode purposefully toward(s) his office

se dirigían hacia la frontera they were making o heading for the border

el buque se dirigía hacia la costa the ship was heading for o toward(s) the coast

B dirigirse A algn (oralmente) to speak o talk TO sb, address sb ( frml) (por escrito) to write TO sb

¿se dirige a mí? are you talking o speaking to me?

me dirijo a Vd. para solicitarle … ( Corresp) I am writing to request …

para más información diríjase a … for more information please write to o contact …

* * *

dirigir ( conjugate dirigir) verbo transitivo
1
a) ‹ empresa› to manage, run;

‹periódico/revista› to run, edit;
‹investigación/tesis› to supervise;
‹ debate› to lead, chair;
‹ tráfico› to direct
b) ‹obra/película› to direct;

‹ orquesta› to conduct
2
a) dirigir algo a algn ‹mensaje/carta› to address sth to sb;

‹ críticas› to direct sth to sb;
◊ la pregunta iba dirigida a usted the question was meant for you;

no me dirigió la palabra he didn't say a word to me
b) dirigir algo hacia or a algo/algn ‹ telescopio› to point sth toward(s) sth/sb;

‹ pistola› to point sth toward(s) sth/sb;
dirigir la mirada hacia or a algo/algn to look at sth/sb;
◊ dirigió sus pasos hacia la esquina he walked toward(s) the corner

3 ( encaminar) dirigir algo a hacer algo ‹ esfuerzos› to channel sth into doing sth;
‹energía/atención› to direct sth toward(s) doing sth
dirigirse verbo pronominal
1 ( encaminarse): dirigirse hacia algo to head for sth
2 dirigirse a algn ( oralmente) to speak o talk to sb;
( por escrito) to write to sb
dirigir verbo transitivo
1 (estar al mando de) to direct
(una empresa) to manage
(un negocio, una escuela) to run
(un sindicato, partido) to lead
(un periódico) to edit
2 (una orquesta) to conduct
(una película) to direct
3 (hacer llegar unas palabras, un escrito) to address
(una mirada) to give
4 (encaminar, poner en una dirección) to direct, steer: dirigió el coche hacia la salida, he drove his car to the exit
dirigió la mirada hacia la caja fuerte, she looked towards the strongbox
dirigió sus pasos hacia el bosque, he made his way towards the wood
' dirigir' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cruzar
- derivar
- destinar
- enchufar
- enfilar
- mandar
- manejar
- manipular
- orquestar
- palabra
- conducir
English:
address
- aim
- bend
- conduct
- control
- direct
- guide
- lead
- level
- manage
- mastermind
- operate
- pitch
- run
- shine
- spearhead
- steer
- turn
- edit
- head
- produce
- target

* * *

dirigir

♦ vt

1. [conducir] [coche, barco] to steer;
[avión] to pilot;
el canal dirige el agua hacia el interior de la región the canal channels the water towards the interior of the region

2. [estar al cargo de] [empresa, hotel, hospital] to manage;
[colegio, cárcel, periódico] to run; [partido, revuelta] to lead; [expedición] to head, to lead; [investigación] to supervise;
dirige mi tesis, me dirige la tesis he's supervising my thesis, he's my PhD supervisor o US advisor

3. [película, obra de teatro] to direct;
[orquesta] to conduct
4. [apuntar]
dirigió la mirada hacia la puerta he looked towards the door;

dirige el telescopio al norte point the telescope towards the north;

dirigió sus acusaciones a las autoridades her accusations were aimed at the authorities

5. [dedicar, encaminar]
nos dirigían miradas de lástima they were giving us pitying looks, they were looking at us pityingly;

dirigir unas palabras a alguien to speak to sb, to address sb;

dirige sus esfuerzos a incrementar los beneficios she is directing her efforts towards increasing profits, her efforts are aimed at increasing profits;

dirigen su iniciativa a conseguir la liberación del secuestrado the aim of their initiative is to secure the release of the prisoner;

dirigió sus pasos hacia la casa he headed towards the house;

no me dirigen la palabra they don't speak to me;

un programa dirigido a los amantes de la música clásica a programme (intended) for lovers of classical music;

consejos dirigidos a los jóvenes advice aimed at the young

6. [carta, paquete] to address

7. [guiar] [persona] to guide

♦ See also the pronominal verb dirigirse

* * *

dirigir

v/t

1 TEA, película direct; MÚS conduct

2 COM manage, run

3

:

dirigir una carta a address a letter to;

dirigir una pregunta a direct a question to

4 ( conducir) lead

* * *

dirigir {35} vt

1) : to direct, to lead

2) : to address

3) : to aim, to point

4) : to conduct (music)

♦ See also the reflexive verb dirigirse

* * *

dirigir vb

1. (película, tráfico) to direct

James Cameron dirigió "Titanic" James Cameron directed "Titanic"

2. (empresa, equipo) to manage

¿quién dirige la selección española? who manages the Spanish national team?

3. (negocio, organización, sistema) to run [pt. ran; pp. run]

el gobierno dirige el país the government runs the country

4. (expedición, investigación, partido) to lead [pt. & pp. led]

el inspector que dirige la investigación the inspector who is leading the investigation

5. (libro, medida) to aim / to direct

el libro está dirigido a un público joven the book is aimed at young readers

6. (carta, palabras) to address

dirigió sus comentarios a todos los jóvenes presentes she addressed her comments to all the young people who were there

7. (orquesta) to conduct

no dirigir la palabra a alguien not to speak to somebody

Spanish-English dictionary > dirigir
14 tomar una postura

(v.) = take + viewpoint, adopt + a stance, take + position, take + a stance

Ex. Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.

Ex. While librarians must not be overly censorious in their classification, they should not adopt a completely relativist stance that would absolve the profession of all responsibility.

Ex. They took the position that it is not important to bring together the editions of a map.

Ex. Consortia are essential to take a joint stance in negotiations with publishers.

* * *

(v.) = take + viewpoint, adopt + a stance, take + position, take + a stance

Ex: Whatever viewpoint is taken, it is difficult to dispute the significance of AACR1.

Ex: While librarians must not be overly censorious in their classification, they should not adopt a completely relativist stance that would absolve the profession of all responsibility.

Ex: They took the position that it is not important to bring together the editions of a map.

Ex: Consortia are essential to take a joint stance in negotiations with publishers.

Spanish-English dictionary > tomar una postura
15 route

route [ʀut]

feminine noun

   a. ( = voie de communication) road

• route nationale main road

• route départementale or secondaire minor road

• prenez la route de Lyon take the road to Lyon

• « route barrée » "road closed"

   b. ( = chemin à suivre) way ; ( = direction, cap) course

• je t'emmène, c'est (sur) ma route I'll take you, it's on my way

• indiquer la route à qn to show the way to sb

   c. ( = ligne de communication) route

• route aérienne/maritime air/sea route

• la route de la soie the Silk Road

• la route des vins/du whisky the wine/whisky trail

   d. ( = trajet) trip

• bonne route ! have a good trip!

• il y a trois heures de route (en voiture) it's a three-hour drive ; (à bicyclette) it's a three-hour ride

• ils ont fait toute la route à pied/à bicyclette they walked/cycled the whole way

   e. ( = ligne de conduite) road

• la route à suivre the road to follow

• votre route est toute tracée your path is set out for you

• être sur la bonne route (dans la vie) to be on the right road ; (dans un problème) to be on the right track

• nos routes se sont croisées our paths crossed

   f. (locutions) faire route vers to be bound for

• prendre la route to set off

• tenir la route [voiture] to hold the road ; [argument, raisonnement] (inf) to hold water ; [solution, politique] to be viable

► en route on the way

• en route ! let's go!

• en route pour bound for

• avoir plusieurs projets en route to have several projects on the go

• mettre en route [+ machine, moteur] to start ; [+ processus, projet, réforme] to set in motion

• mise en route [de machine] starting up ; [de processus, projet] setting in motion

• se mettre en route to set off

• se remettre en route to set off again

* * *
ʀut
nom féminin

1) ( voie terrestre) road, highway US

demain je prends la route — tomorrow I take to the road

tenir la route — lit [voiture] to hold the road; fig (colloq) [argument] to hold water; [équipement] to be well-made

2) ( moyen de transport) road

par la route — by road

il y a six heures de route — it's a six-hour drive

je préfère prendre la route — I prefer to go by road

faire de la route — (colloq) to do a lot of mileage

3) ( itinéraire) route

routes maritimes — sea routes

s'éloigner or dévier de sa route — lit [avion, bateau] to go off course; [voiture, piéton] to go the wrong way; fig [personne] to stray from one's chosen path

la route est toute tracée désormais — fig from now on, it's all plain sailing

nos routes se sont croisées — fig our paths crossed

4) ( parcours) lit, fig way

la route sera longue — it will be a long journey

être sur la route de quelqu'un — to be in somebody's way

rencontrer quelque chose en route — lit to meet something on the way; fig to meet something along the way

j'ai changé d'avis en cours de route — I changed my mind along the way

je me suis arrêté en cours de route — I stopped on the way

finis ta phrase, ne t'arrête pas en (cours de) route — finish your sentence, don't stop halfway through

être en route — [personne] to be on one's way; [projet] to be underway; [plat] to be cooking

avoir quelque chose en route — to have something underway

remettre quelqu'un sur la bonne route — to put somebody right

route du succès — road to success

faire route avec quelqu'un — to travel with somebody

faire route vers, être en route pour — [avion, passager] to be en route to; [bateau] to be sailing to; [voiture, train, piéton] to be heading for

faire fausse route — lit to go off course; fig to be mistaken

se mettre en route — to set off

en route! — let's go!

bonne route! — have a good journey GB ou a nice trip!

mettre en route — to start [machine, voiture]; to get [something] going [projet, fabrication]

la mise en route des négociations a été difficile — it was difficult to get the negotiations going

5) ( cyclisme)

géants or rois de la route — road-cycling champions

épreuve or course sur route — road race

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- route départementale

- route des épices

- route à grande circulation

- route nationale

- route de navigation

- route du rhum

- route secondaire

- route de la soie

- route du vin

* * *
ʀut nf
1) (pour circuler) road

C'est une bonne route. — It's a good road.

au bord de la route — at the roadside

par la route; par route — by road

route nationale — A-road Grande-Bretagne state highway USA

2) (= trajet) journey

Ils ont fait la route à pied. — They did the journey on foot.

Il y a 3 heures de route. — It's a 3-hour journey.

Il y a des bouchons sur la route des vacances. — There are traffic jams on holiday routes.

faire route vers — to head towards

3) (= itinéraire) way

Je ne connais pas la route. — I don't know the way.

Est-ce qu'on a pris la bonne route? — Have we taken the right road?, Have we gone the right way?

faire fausse route fig — to be on the wrong track

route aérienne — air route

route maritime — sea route

4) (= voie) [succès, des honneurs] road

la route du succès — the road to success

5) (autres locutions)

en route — on the way

Ils se sont arrêtés en route. — They stopped on the way.

en route! — let's go!

mettre en route — to start up

Il a mis le moteur en route. — He started the engine up.

se mettre en route (= démarrer) — to set off

Il s'est mis en route à cinq heures. — He set off at 5 o'clock.

en cours de route — on the way

* * *

route nf

1 Gén Civ ( voie terrestre) road, highway US; construction/entretien des routes road construction/maintenance; route prioritaire road with right of way; route à deux/trois voies two-/three-lane road; route de Douai ( vers Douai) Douai road, road to Douai; ( qui vient de Douai) road from Douai; route de l'aéroport road to the airport; demain je prends la route tomorrow I take to the road; tenir la route lit [voiture] to hold the road; fig [argument, raisonnement] to hold water; [équipement] to be well-made;

2 Transp ( moyen de transport) road; le rail et la route road and rail; par la route by road; il y a six heures de route it's a six-hour drive; je préfère prendre la route I prefer to go by road; faire la route○ ( partir à l'aventure) to go on the road; le rail est aussi rapide que la route it's just as quick to travel by rail as by road; la route est meurtrière the roads can kill; faire de la route○ to do a lot of mileage;

3 ( itinéraire) route; route du pétrole/fer oil/iron route; routes aériennes/maritimes air/sea routes; changer de route to change route; s'éloigner or dévier de sa route lit [avion, bateau] to go off course; [voiture, piéton] to go the wrong way; fig [personne] to stray from one's chosen path; la route est toute tracée désormais fig from now on, it's all plain sailing; nos routes se sont croisées fig our paths crossed;

4 ( parcours) lit, fig way; la route est longue! it's a long way!; la route sera longue it will be a long journey; être/se mettre sur la route de qn to be/to get in sb's way; trouver un obstacle sur sa route to find an obstacle in one's way; rencontrer qch en route lit to meet sth on the way; fig to meet sth along the way; couper la route à qn to bar sb's way; j'ai changé d'avis en cours de route I changed my mind along the way; je me suis arrêté en cours de route I stopped on the way; j'ai perdu mon parapluie en route I lost my umbrella on the way; finis ta phrase, ne t'arrête pas en (cours de) route finish your sentence, don't stop halfway through; être en route [personne] to be on one's way; [projet] to be underway; [plat] to be cooking; avoir qch en route to have [sth] underway [projet]; avoir un enfant en route to have a baby on the way; détruire tout sur sa route to destroy everything in one's path; être sur la bonne route lit to be heading in the right direction; fig to be on the right track; remettre qn sur la bonne route to put sb right; route du succès/de la démocratie road to success/towards democracy; faire route avec qn to travel with sb; faire route vers, être en route pour [avion, passager] to be en route to; [bateau] to be sailing to; [voiture, train, piéton] to be heading for; faire fausse route lit to go off course; fig to be mistaken; se mettre en route to set off; en route! let's go!; bonne route! have a good journey GB ou a nice trip!; mettre en route to start [machine, voiture]; to get [sth] going [projet, fabrication] ; la mise en route des négociations a été difficile it was difficult to get the negotiations going; déclencher la mise en route du moteur to start the engine;

5 Sport ( cyclisme) géants or rois de la route road-cycling champions; épreuve or course sur route road race.

Composés

route pour automobiles dual carriageway GB, divided highway US; route communale public highway; route départementale secondary road; route des épices Hist spice route; route forestière forest road; route à grande circulation trunk road GB, highway US; route nationale trunk road GB, ≈ A road GB, national highway US; route de navigation shipping lane; route du rhum Sport Rum route race; route rurale country road; route secondaire minor road; route de la soie Hist Silk Route ou Road; route du vin wine trail.

ⓘ Routes The French road network, outside of the motorway system of autoroutes, is composed of routes départementales and routes nationales. The route départementale is a secondary road, maintained by the département and signalled as ‘D' followed by a road number and marked in yellow on French road maps. It is not intended to be used for fast travel between towns and can have stretches indicated in green on maps to mark panoramic views or local beauty spots. The routes nationales form part of the state-maintained road network, signalled as ‘N' followed by the road number and marked in red on French road maps. The routes nationales provide faster roads for travel between towns and cities. ⇒ Bison Futé

[rut] nom féminin

1. [voie de circulation] road

c'est la route de Genève it's the road to Geneva

sur route, la voiture consomme moins when cruising ou on the open road, the car's fuel consumption is lower

il va y avoir du monde sur la route ou les routes there'll be a lot of cars ou traffic on the roads

tenir la route [voiture] to hold the road

cette politique ne tient pas la route (figuré) there's no mileage in that policy

route départementale secondary road

route nationale major road, trunk road (UK)

route de montagne mountain road

2. [moyen de transport]

par la route by road

les transports sur route road transport

les accidents de la route road accidents

les victimes de la route road casualties

3. [itinéraire] way

c'est sur ma route it's on my way

faire route vers

a. [bateau] to be headed for, to be en route for, to steer a course for

b. [voiture, avion] to head for ou towards

c. [personne] to be on one's way to, to head for

en route pour ou vers bound for

faisant route vers

a. [bateau, avion] bound for, heading for, on its way to

b. [personne] on one's way to, heading for

prendre la route des vacances/du soleil to set off on holiday/to the south

route aérienne air route

route maritime shipping ou sea route

la route des épices the spice trail ou route

la route des Indes the road to India

la route de la soie the silk road

la Route des Vins tourist trail passing through wine country

faire fausse route

a. [conducteur] to go the wrong way, to take the wrong road

b. [dans un raisonnement] to be on the wrong track

4. [trajet] journey

j'ai fait la route à pied I did the journey on foot

il y a six heures de route

a. [en voiture] it's a six-hour drive ou ride ou journey

b. [à bicyclette] it's a six-hour ride ou journey

il y a une bonne heure de route it takes at least an hour to get there

(faites) bonne route! have a good ou safe journey!

faire route avec quelqu'un to travel with somebody

faire de la route to do a lot of driving ou mileage

en route on the way

prendre la ou se mettre en route to set off, to get going

reprendre la route, se remettre en route to set off again, to resume one's journey

allez, en route! come on, let's go!

en route, mauvaise troupe! (familier & humoristique) come on you lot, we're off!

5. (figuré) [voie] road, way, path

la route du succès the road to success

la route est toute tracée pour lui the path is all laid out for him

6. en route [en marche]: mettre en route

a. [appareil, véhicule] to start (up) (separable)

b. [projet] to set in motion, to get started ou under way

se mettre en route [machine] to start (up)

j'ai du mal à me mettre en route le matin (familier) I find it hard to get started ou going in the morning

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > route
16 can

I [ forma debole kən] [ forma forte kæn]
verbo modale (pass. could; forma negativa del pres. cannot, can't)

1) (expressing possibility)

we can rent a house — possiamo affittare una casa

it can also be used to dry clothes — può anche essere usato per far asciugare i vestiti

you can't have forgotten! — non puoi averlo dimenticato!

it cannot be explained logically — non si può spiegare in modo logico

2) (expressing permission)

you can turn right here — qui si può svoltare a destra

can we park here? — possiamo parcheggiare qui?

I can't leave yet — non posso ancora andare via

3) (when making requests)

can you do me a favour? — puoi farmi un favore?

can I ask you a question? — posso farti una domanda?

can't you get home earlier? — non puoi arrivare a casa prima?

4) (when making an offer)

can I give you a hand? — posso darti una mano?

what can I do for you? — cosa posso fare per lei?

5) (when making suggestions)

you can always exchange it — può sempre cambiarlo

6) (have skill, knowledge to)

she can't drive yet — non sa ancora guidare

can he type? — sa battere a macchina?

7) (have ability, power to)

computers can process data rapidly — i computer possono elaborare i dati rapidamente

to do all one can — fare tutto il possibile

I cannot understand why — non capisco o non riesco a capire perché

8) (have ability, using senses, to)

can you see it? — lo vedi?

I can't hear anything — non sento nulla

9) (indicating capability, tendency)

she can be quite abrupt — sa essere piuttosto brusca

it can make life difficult — può rendere la vita difficile

10) (expressing likelihood, assumption)

it can't be as bad as that! — non può essere così tremendo!

it can't have been easy for her — non deve essere stato facile per lei

11) (expressing willingness to act)

we can take you home — possiamo portarti a casa

12) (be in a position to)

they can hardly refuse — non possono certo rifiutare

I can't say I agree — non posso dire di essere d'accordo

13) (expressing surprise)

what can she possibly want from me? — che può mai volere da me?

you can't o cannot be serious! non dici sul serio! can you believe it! — l'avresti creduto?

14) (expressing obligation)

if she wants it she can ask me herself — se lo vuole può venirlo a chiedere lei stessa

if you want to chat, you can leave — se volete chiacchierare, potete farlo fuori

you can get lost! — colloq. va' al diavolo! va' a quel paese!

15) (avoiding repetition of verb)

"can we borrow it?" - "you can" — "possiamo prenderlo in prestito?" - "certo"

leave as soon as you can — partite appena possibile

"can anyone give me a lift home?" - "we can" — "qualcuno può darmi un passaggio a casa?" - "sì, noi"

as happy as can be — felicissimo

••

no can do — colloq. non posso
II [kæn]
nome

1) (of food) barattolo m., scatola f.; (aerosol) bomboletta f.; (for petrol) fusto m., bidone m., latta f.; (of drink) lattina f.

2) pop. (lavatory) cesso m., latrina f.

3) colloq. (prison) galera f., gattabuia f.

••

a can of worms — un imbroglio, un bel po' di marcio

to be in the can — colloq. [ film] essere pronto per la distribuzione; [ negotiations] essere cosa fatta

to carry the can for sb. — colloq. prendersi la colpa al posto di qcn
III [kæn]
verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - nn-)

1) gastr. inscatolare, mettere in scatola [fruit, vegetables]

2) colloq.

can it! — piantala!

* * *
[kæn] I negative - can't; verb
1) (to be able to: You can do it if you try hard.)

2) (to know how to: Can you drive a car?)

3) ((usually may) to have permission to: You can go if you behave yourself.)

4) (used in questions to indicate surprise, disbelief etc: What can he be doing all this time?)
II 1. noun
(a metal container for liquids and many types of food: oil-can; beer-can; six cans of beer.)
2. verb
(to put (especially food) into cans, usually to preserve it: a factory for canning raspberries.)

- canned
- cannery
* * *
I [ forma debole kən] [ forma forte kæn]
verbo modale (pass. could; forma negativa del pres. cannot, can't)

1) (expressing possibility)

we can rent a house — possiamo affittare una casa

it can also be used to dry clothes — può anche essere usato per far asciugare i vestiti

you can't have forgotten! — non puoi averlo dimenticato!

it cannot be explained logically — non si può spiegare in modo logico

2) (expressing permission)

you can turn right here — qui si può svoltare a destra

can we park here? — possiamo parcheggiare qui?

I can't leave yet — non posso ancora andare via

3) (when making requests)

can you do me a favour? — puoi farmi un favore?

can I ask you a question? — posso farti una domanda?

can't you get home earlier? — non puoi arrivare a casa prima?

4) (when making an offer)

can I give you a hand? — posso darti una mano?

what can I do for you? — cosa posso fare per lei?

5) (when making suggestions)

you can always exchange it — può sempre cambiarlo

6) (have skill, knowledge to)

she can't drive yet — non sa ancora guidare

can he type? — sa battere a macchina?

7) (have ability, power to)

computers can process data rapidly — i computer possono elaborare i dati rapidamente

to do all one can — fare tutto il possibile

I cannot understand why — non capisco o non riesco a capire perché

8) (have ability, using senses, to)

can you see it? — lo vedi?

I can't hear anything — non sento nulla

9) (indicating capability, tendency)

she can be quite abrupt — sa essere piuttosto brusca

it can make life difficult — può rendere la vita difficile

10) (expressing likelihood, assumption)

it can't be as bad as that! — non può essere così tremendo!

it can't have been easy for her — non deve essere stato facile per lei

11) (expressing willingness to act)

we can take you home — possiamo portarti a casa

12) (be in a position to)

they can hardly refuse — non possono certo rifiutare

I can't say I agree — non posso dire di essere d'accordo

13) (expressing surprise)

what can she possibly want from me? — che può mai volere da me?

you can't o cannot be serious! non dici sul serio! can you believe it! — l'avresti creduto?

14) (expressing obligation)

if she wants it she can ask me herself — se lo vuole può venirlo a chiedere lei stessa

if you want to chat, you can leave — se volete chiacchierare, potete farlo fuori

you can get lost! — colloq. va' al diavolo! va' a quel paese!

15) (avoiding repetition of verb)

"can we borrow it?" - "you can" — "possiamo prenderlo in prestito?" - "certo"

leave as soon as you can — partite appena possibile

"can anyone give me a lift home?" - "we can" — "qualcuno può darmi un passaggio a casa?" - "sì, noi"

as happy as can be — felicissimo

••

no can do — colloq. non posso
II [kæn]
nome

1) (of food) barattolo m., scatola f.; (aerosol) bomboletta f.; (for petrol) fusto m., bidone m., latta f.; (of drink) lattina f.

2) pop. (lavatory) cesso m., latrina f.

3) colloq. (prison) galera f., gattabuia f.

••

a can of worms — un imbroglio, un bel po' di marcio

to be in the can — colloq. [ film] essere pronto per la distribuzione; [ negotiations] essere cosa fatta

to carry the can for sb. — colloq. prendersi la colpa al posto di qcn
III [kæn]
verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - nn-)

1) gastr. inscatolare, mettere in scatola [fruit, vegetables]

2) colloq.

can it! — piantala!

English-Italian dictionary > can
17 stage

I 1. [steɪdʒ]
nome

1) (phase) (of illness) stadio m. (of, in di); (of development, project, process) stadio m., fase f. (of, in di); (of career, life, match, negotiations) fase f. (of, in di); (of journey) fase f., tappa f. (of, in di)

the baby has reached the walking stage — il bambino ha raggiunto la fase in cui cammina

at this stage — (at this point) a questo punto; (yet, for the time being) per il momento

at this stage in o of your career in questa fase della tua carriera; at a late stage a uno stadio avanzato; at an earlier, later stage in una fase precedente, seguente; at every stage in ogni fase; she ought to know that by this stage arrivati a questo punto dovrebbe saperlo; by stages per gradi; stage by stage passo dopo passo; in stages poco per volta; the project is still in its early stages il progetto è ancora allo stadio iniziale; she's going through a difficult stage — sta attraversando una fase difficile

2) (raised platform) palco m., piattaforma f.; teatr. palcoscenico m.

to go on stage — entrare in scena

to hold the stage — fig. tenere banco

to set the stage — teatr. allestire la scenografia

to set the stage for sth. — fig. fare i preparativi per qcs

3) teatr.

the stage — il teatro

to go on the stage — darsi al teatro

4) fig. (setting) (actual place) teatro m.; (backdrop) scenario m., scena f.
2.
modificatore teatr. [ equipment] scenico; [ lighting] di scena; [play, performance, production, career] teatrale
II [steɪdʒ]
verbo transitivo

1) (organize) organizzare [event, strike, coup, rebellion]

2) (fake) inscenare [ quarrel]; mettere su [ scene]

the whole thing was staged — è stata tutta una messa in scena

3) teatr. mettere in scena, rappresentare [play, performance]

* * *
I 1. [stei‹] noun
(a raised platform especially for performing or acting on, eg in a theatre.)
2. verb
1) (to prepare and produce (a play etc) in a theatre etc: This play was first staged in 1928.)

2) (to organize (an event etc): The protesters are planning to stage a demonstration.)

•

- staging
- stage direction
- stage fright
- stagehand
- stage manager
- stagestruck II [stei‹]
1) (a period or step in the development of something: The plan is in its early stages; At this stage, we don't know how many survivors there are.)

2) (part of a journey: The first stage of our journey will be the flight to Singapore.)

3) (a section of a bus route.)

4) (a section of a rocket.)

•

- stagecoach

* * *
I 1. [steɪdʒ]
nome

1) (phase) (of illness) stadio m. (of, in di); (of development, project, process) stadio m., fase f. (of, in di); (of career, life, match, negotiations) fase f. (of, in di); (of journey) fase f., tappa f. (of, in di)

the baby has reached the walking stage — il bambino ha raggiunto la fase in cui cammina

at this stage — (at this point) a questo punto; (yet, for the time being) per il momento

at this stage in o of your career in questa fase della tua carriera; at a late stage a uno stadio avanzato; at an earlier, later stage in una fase precedente, seguente; at every stage in ogni fase; she ought to know that by this stage arrivati a questo punto dovrebbe saperlo; by stages per gradi; stage by stage passo dopo passo; in stages poco per volta; the project is still in its early stages il progetto è ancora allo stadio iniziale; she's going through a difficult stage — sta attraversando una fase difficile

2) (raised platform) palco m., piattaforma f.; teatr. palcoscenico m.

to go on stage — entrare in scena

to hold the stage — fig. tenere banco

to set the stage — teatr. allestire la scenografia

to set the stage for sth. — fig. fare i preparativi per qcs

3) teatr.

the stage — il teatro

to go on the stage — darsi al teatro

4) fig. (setting) (actual place) teatro m.; (backdrop) scenario m., scena f.
2.
modificatore teatr. [ equipment] scenico; [ lighting] di scena; [play, performance, production, career] teatrale
II [steɪdʒ]
verbo transitivo

1) (organize) organizzare [event, strike, coup, rebellion]

2) (fake) inscenare [ quarrel]; mettere su [ scene]

the whole thing was staged — è stata tutta una messa in scena

3) teatr. mettere in scena, rappresentare [play, performance]

English-Italian dictionary > stage
18 stage

stage

A n

1 ( phase) (of illness, career, life, development, match) stade m (of, in de) ; (of project, process, plan) phase f (of, in de) ; (of journey, negotiations) étape f (of, in de) ; the first stage of our journey la première étape de notre voyage ; the first stage in the process la première phase or le premier stade du procédé ; the next stage in the project/his research la prochaine phase du projet/de ses recherches ; a difficult stage in the negotiations une étape difficile des négociations ; the next stage of a baby's development le prochain stade du développement d'un bébé ; the baby has reached the talking/walking stage le bébé commence à parler/marcher ; what stage has he reached in his education? il en est à quel stade dans ses études? ; a/the stage where un/le stade où ; I've reached the stage where I have to decide je suis arrivé au stade où il faut que je décide ; we're at a stage where anything could happen nous sommes arrivés à un stade où tout est possible ; at this stage ( at this point) à ce stade ; (yet, for the time being) pour l'instant ; I can't say at this stage pour l'instant je ne peux rien dire ; that's all I can say at this stage c'est tout ce que je peux dire pour l'instant ; at this stage in ou of your career à ce stade de votre carrière ; at a late stage à un stade avancé ; at an earlier/later stage à un stade antérieur/ultérieur ; at an early stage in our history vers le début de notre histoire ; at every stage à chaque étape ; she ought to know that by this stage ça fait longtemps qu'elle devrait le savoir ; by stages par étapes ; stage by stage étape par étape ; in stages en plusieurs étapes ; in easy stages par petites étapes ; the project is still in its early stages le projet en est encore à ses débuts ; we're in the late stages of our research nous arrivons à la fin de nos recherches ; the project is at the halfway stage le projet est à mi-chemin ; the project is entering its final stage le projet touche à sa fin or entre dans sa phase finale ; she's going through a difficult stage elle traverse une période difficile ; it's just a stage! (in babyhood, adolescence) ça passera! ;

2 ( raised platform) gen estrade f ; Theat scène f ; he was on stage for three hours il a été en or sur scène pendant trois heures ; to go on stage monter sur or entrer en scène ; I've seen her on the stage je l'ai vue jouer ; live from the stage of La Scala en direct de La Scala ; a long career on stage and screen une longue carrière à la scène et à l'écran ; to hold the stage lit, fig être le point de mire ; to set the stage Theat monter le décor ; to set the stage for sth fig préparer qch ; the stage is set for the contest tout est prêt pour le combat ;

3 Theat the stage le théâtre ; to go on the stage faire du théâtre ; to write for the stage écrire des pièces de théâtre ; after 40 years on the stage après 40 ans de théâtre or sur les planches ; the decline of the English stage le déclin du théâtre anglais ; the play never reached the stage la pièce n'a jamais été jouée ;

4 fig ( setting) ( actual place) théâtre m ; ( backdrop) scène f ; Geneva has become the stage for many international conferences Genève est devenue le théâtre de nombreuses conférences internationales ; her appearance on the stage of world politics son apparition sur la scène politique internationale ;

5 Aerosp étage m ;

6 GB Transp ( on bus route) section f ;

7 ( on scaffolding) plate-forme f d'échafaudage ;

8 ( on microscope) platine f ;

9 Hist Transp = stagecoach.

B modif Theat [play, equipment, furniture, lighting, equipment] de théâtre ; [production] théâtral ; [appearance, career, performance] au théâtre.

C vtr

1 ( organize) organiser [ceremony, competition, demonstration, event, festival, rebellion, reconstruction, strike] ; fomenter [coup] ;

2 ( fake) simuler [quarrel, scene] ; the whole thing was staged ce n'était qu'une mise en scène ;

3 Theat monter, mettre [qch] en scène [play, performance].

Big English-French dictionary > stage
19 hard

1. adjective
1) hart; stark, heftig [Regen]; gesichert [Beweis, Zahlen, Daten, Information]

drive a hard bargain — hart verhandeln

2) (difficult) schwer; schwierig

this is hard to believe — das ist kaum zu glauben

it is hard to do something — es ist schwer, etwas zu tun

make it hard for somebody [to do something] — es jemandem schwer machen[, etwas zu tun]

[choose to] go about/do something the hard way — es sich (Dat.) bei etwas unnötig schwer machen

learn something the hard way — etwas durch schlechte Erfahrungen lernen

be hard of hearing — schwerhörig sein

be hard going — [Buch:] sich schwer lesen; [Arbeit:] anstrengend sein

play hard to get — (coll.) so tun, als sei man nicht interessiert

have a hard time doing something — Schwierigkeiten haben, etwas zu tun

it's a hard life — (joc.) das Leben ist schwer

it is [a bit] hard on him — es ist [schon] schlimm für ihn

hard luck — (coll.) Pech

3) (strenu-ous) hart; beschwerlich [Reise]; leidenschaftlich [Spieler]

be a hard drinker — viel trinken

try one's hardest to do something — sich nach Kräften bemühen, etwas zu tun

4) (vigorous) heftig [Angriff, Schlag]; kräftig [Schlag, Stoß, Tritt]; (severe) streng [Winter]

5) (unfeeling) hart

be hard [up]on somebody — streng mit jemandem sein

take a hard line [with somebody on something] — [in Bezug auf etwas (Akk.)] eine harte Linie [gegenüber jemandem] vertreten
2. adverb
1) (strenuously) hart [arbeiten, trainieren]; fleißig [lernen, studieren, üben]; genau [überlegen, beobachten]; scharf [nachdenken]; gut [aufpassen, zuhören, sich festhalten]

concentrate hard/harder — sich sehr/mehr konzentrieren

try hard — sich sehr bemühen

be hard at work on something — an etwas (Dat.) intensiv od. konzentriert arbeiten

be hard at it — schwer arbeiten

2) (vigorously) heftig; fest [schlagen, drücken, klopfen]

3) (severely, drastically) hart; streng [zensieren]

cut back hard on something — etwas drastisch einschränken

be hard up — knapp bei Kasse sein (ugs.)

4)

be hard put to it [to do something] — große Schwierigkeiten haben[, etwas zu tun]

5) hart [kochen]; fest [gefrieren [lassen]]

set hard — fest werden

* * *
1. adjective
1) (firm; solid; not easy to break, scratch etc: The ground is too hard to dig.) hart

2) (not easy to do, learn, solve etc: Is English a hard language to learn?; He is a hard man to please.) schwer, schwierig

3) (not feeling or showing kindness: a hard master.) hart

4) ((of weather) severe: a hard winter.) streng

5) (having or causing suffering: a hard life; hard times.) hart

6) ((of water) containing many chemical salts and so not easily forming bubbles when soap is added: The water is hard in this part of the country.) hart
2. adverb
1) (with great effort: He works very hard; Think hard.) hart

2) (with great force; heavily: Don't hit him too hard; It was raining hard.) stark

3) (with great attention: He stared hard at the man.) anstarren

4) (to the full extent; completely: The car turned hard right.) sehr

•

- academic.ru/33648/harden">harden
- hardness
- hardship
- hard-and-fast
- hard-back
- hard-boiled
- harddisk
- hard-earned
- hard-headed
- hard-hearted
- hardware
- hard-wearing
- be hard on
- hard at it
- hard done by
- hard lines/luck
- hard of hearing
- a hard time of it
- a hard time
- hard up
* * *

hard

[hɑ:d, AM hɑ:rd]

I. adj

1. (solid) hart

\hard cash Bargeld nt

\hard cheese Hartkäse m

\hard currency harte Währung

[as] \hard as iron [or a rock] [or stone] steinhart

2. (tough) person zäh, hart

he's a \hard one er ist ein ganz Harter

to be \hard enough to do sth das Zeug dazu haben, etw zu tun fam

3. (difficult) schwierig

she had a \hard time [of it] es war eine schwere Zeit für sie

it's \hard being a widow es ist nicht einfach, Witwe zu sein

if she won't listen, she'll have to learn the \hard way wer nicht hören will, muss fühlen

to be \hard to come by schwierig aufzutreiben sein

to do sth the \hard way sich dat etw schwermachen

to find sth \hard to believe [or swallow] etw kaum glauben können

to get \hard [or \harder] schwer [o schwerer] werden

it's \hard to say es ist schwer zu sagen

4. (laborious) anstrengend, mühevoll

the mountain there is a \hard climb der Berg dort ist schwer zu besteigen

a \hard fight ein harter Kampf a. fig

to give sth a \hard push etw kräftig anschieben

to be \hard work harte Arbeit sein; studies anstrengend [o schwer] sein; text schwer zu lesen sein, sich akk schwer lesen

to be a \hard worker fleißig sein

5. (severe) hart, unnachgiebig; voice schroff, barsch

she's finding the bad news \hard to take es fällt ihr schwer, die schlechte Nachricht zu verkraften

a \hard blow ein harter Schlag

a \hard heart ein hartes Herz

a \hard life ein hartes Leben

\hard luck [or esp BRIT lines]! ( fam)

\hard cheese! BRIT ( fam) [so ein fam] Pech!

that's your \hard luck! ( fam) das ist dein Pech! fam

to be [as] \hard as nails knallhart [o ein knallharter Typ] sein fam

a \hard taskmaster ein strenger Arbeitgeber

to give sb a \hard time jdm das Leben schwermachen

▪ to be \hard on sb/sth mit jdm/etw hart ins Gericht gehen

6. (harmful)

▪ to be \hard on sth etw stark strapazieren

I'm very \hard on shoes ich habe einen extrem hohen Schuhverschleiß

to be \hard on the eyes monitor die Augen überanstrengen

7. (unfortunate) hart

▪ to be \hard on sb hart für jdn sein

to go \hard with sb ( dated) jdm nur Nachteile bringen, jdm zum Nachteil gereichen geh

8. (extreme) hart

\hard frost/winter strenger Frost/Winter

the \hard left/right esp BRIT POL die harte Linke/Rechte

a \hard light ein grelles Licht

to take a \hard line eine harte Linie verfolgen

9. (reliable) sicher, fest

\hard facts (verified) gesicherte Fakten; (blunt) nackte Tatsachen

10. (potent) stark

\hard drinks/drugs harte Getränke/Drogen

a \hard drinker ein starker Trinker/eine starke Trinkerin

\hard drinking starker Alkoholkonsum

to be into [or to do] \hard drugs harte Drogen nehmen

11. (with lime)

\hard water hartes Wasser

12. (scrutinizing)

to take a [good] \hard look at sth sich dat etw genau ansehen, etw gründlich betrachten

13. TYPO

\hard copy (printout) Ausdruck m; (duplicate) Kopie f; (printed copy) Abzug m

14. LING

\hard consonant harter Konsonant

15. NUCL

\hard radiation harte Strahlung fachspr, Hartstrahlung f fachspr

16.

▶ to be \hard at it ganz bei der Sache sein

▶ to drive a \hard bargain knallhart verhandeln [o usu pej feilschen] fam

▶ \hard and fast information, facts zuverlässig; rule verbindlich

▶ to be \hard on sb's heels jdm dicht auf den Fersen sein

II. adv

1. (solid) hart

boiled \hard hart gekocht

frozen \hard liquid hart gefroren; clothing, plants steif gefroren

to set \hard glue, varnish hart werden, aushärten fachspr; concrete, mortar fest werden, abbinden fachspr

2. (vigorously) fest[e], kräftig

think \hard! denk mal genau nach!

to not do sth very \hard etw nicht sehr gründlich tun

to exercise \hard hart trainieren

to fight \hard [for sth] ( fig) [um etw akk] hart kämpfen

to play \hard (intensely) ausgiebig spielen; (roughly) hart spielen

to press/pull \hard kräftig drücken/ziehen

to study \hard fleißig lernen

to try \hard to do sth sich akk sehr bemühen [o fam ranhalten], etw zu tun

to work \hard hart arbeiten

3. (severely) schwer

his parents took the news of his death \hard seine Eltern traf die Nachricht von seinem Tod schwer

to be \hard pressed [or pushed] [or put] to do sth große [o die größte] Mühe haben, etw zu tun

4. (closely) knapp

\hard by in nächster Nähe

\hard by sb/sth ganz in der Nähe einer Person/einer S. gen, ganz nahe von jdm/etw geh

to follow \hard [up]on [or after] [or behind] sb/sth jdm/etw knapp folgen, jdm/etw dicht auf den Fersen sein

5. (copiously)

it was raining \hard es regnete stark

6. ( fig: stubbornly)

to die \hard [nur] langsam sterben

the old idea of state ownership of all firms dies \hard die alte Vorstellung von einer Verstaatlichung aller Firmen stirbt einfach nicht aus

7.

▶ to be \hard done by BRIT unfair behandelt werden

▶ old habits die \hard ( saying) der Mensch ist ein Gewohnheitstier

* * *
[hAːd]
1. adj (+er)

1) (= not soft) hart

as hard as rocks or iron — steinhart

the ground was baked hard — der Boden war völlig ausgedörrt

2) (= difficult) schwer, schwierig

this is hard to do, it is hard to do — es ist schwer, das zu tun

stories that are hard to understand — Geschichten, die schwer verständlich sind

that is a very hard question to answer — diese Frage lässt sich nur schwer beantworten

their prices are hard to beat — ihre Preise sind kaum zu unterbieten

she is hard to please — man kann ihr kaum etwas recht machen

it's hard to tell — es lässt sich schwer sagen, es ist schwer zu sagen

it was hard to believe — es war kaum zu glauben

I find it hard to believe — ich kann es kaum glauben

she found it hard to make friends — es fiel ihr schwer, Freunde zu finden

to do sth the hard way — etw auf die schwere Art machen

I don't see the point in doing it the hard way — warum soll man es sich schwer machen?

to play hard to get — so tun, als sei man nicht interessiert

3) (= strenuous, demanding) work, day, week hart, anstrengend

he leaves all the hard work to me — die ganze Schwerarbeit überlässt er mir

it was very hard work in the shop — die Arbeit in dem Geschäft war sehr anstrengend

he's hard work (inf) — er ist ziemlich anstrengend (inf)

getting on with him is hard work (inf) it was hard work for me not to swear at him — es gehört schon etwas dazu, mit ihm auszukommen (inf) es hat mich große Mühe gekostet, ihn nicht zu beschimpfen

a hard worker — ein fleißiger Arbeiter

to be a hard worker — sehr fleißig sein

it was hard going — man kam nur mühsam voran

learning Japanese is hard going — Japanisch zu lernen ist sehr schwierig

this novel is hard going — durch diesen Roman muss man sich mühsam durchbeißen

chatting her up is hard going (inf) — es ist gar nicht so einfach, sie anzumachen (inf)

4) (= forceful) pull, tug, kick kräftig; blow, punch heftig

to give sb/sth a hard push — jdm/etw einen harten Stoß versetzen

to give sth a hard pull or tug — kräftig an etw (dat) ziehen

it was a hard blow or knock ( for or to them) (fig) — es war ein schwerer Schlag (für sie)

to take a hard knock (fig) —

he took a hard knock (fig) — er musste einen schweren Schlag einstecken

5) (= severe, tough) person, look, eyes, smile, voice, life hart; winter, frost streng, hart

the job's a bit hard on the nerves — die Arbeit ist ziemlich nervenaufreibend

don't be so hard on the children — sei nicht so streng mit den Kindern

to have a hard time — es schwer or nicht leicht haben

I had a hard time finding a job — ich hatte Schwierigkeiten, eine Stelle zu finden

he had a hard time of it — er hat es nicht leicht gehabt; (in negotiations, boxing match etc) es hat ihn einen harten Kampf gekostet; (with illness, operation etc) es war eine schwere Zeit für ihn

to give sb a hard time — jdm das Leben schwer machen

hard times — schwere Zeiten pl

to fall on hard times — in finanzielle Schwierigkeiten geraten

there are no hard feelings between them — sie sind einander nicht böse

no hard feelings? — nimm es mir nicht übel

to be as hard as nails — knallhart sein (inf)

See:

→ also nut

6) (= harsh) light grell; sound hart

7) (= real, unquestionable) facts, information gesichert

hard evidence — sichere Beweise pl

8)

See:

→ hard hyphen, hard return

2. adv

1) (= with effort) work hart, schwer; run, drive sehr schnell; breathe schwer; study, play eifrig; (= carefully) listen, look genau, gut; think scharf, angestrengt; (= strongly, forcefully) push, pull kräftig, fest; laugh, scream, cry, beg sehr; rain, snow stark; blow kräftig

since 7 this morning — ich bin seit heute Morgen um 7 schwer am Werk or schwer dabei (inf)

she works hard at keeping herself fit — sie gibt sich viel Mühe, sich fit zu halten

to try hard — sich wirklich Mühe geben

no matter how hard I try... — wie sehr ich mich auch anstrenge,...

if you try hard you can do it — wenn du dich richtig bemühst or anstrengst, kannst du es tun

you're not trying hard enough — du strengst dich nicht genügend an

he tried as hard as he could — er hat sein Bestes getan or sich nach Kräften bemüht

he listened hard (straining to hear) —

you're not thinking hard enough — du denkst nicht angestrengt genug nach

think harder — denk mal ein bisschen besser nach

she slammed the door hard behind us — sie knallte die Tür fest hinter uns zu

it was freezing hard — es herrschte strenger Frost

2)

(= severely) to be hard pushed or put to do sth — es sehr schwer finden, etw zu tun

to clamp down hard —

it'll go hard for or with him if... (= it will cost him dear) — er wird Schwierigkeiten bekommen, wenn... es kann ihn teuer zu stehen kommen, wenn...

to be hard done by — übel dran sein

he reckons he's hard done by having to work on Saturdays — er findet es ungerecht, dass er samstags arbeiten muss

they are hard hit by the cuts — sie sind von den Kürzungen schwer getroffen

she took it very hard — es traf sie sehr or schwer, es ging ihr sehr nahe

See:

→ also hard-pressed

3)

(= as far as possible) hard right/left — scharf rechts/links

to turn/go hard round — eine scharfe Kehrtwendung machen

bear hard round to your left —

to lock hard over hard a-port/a-starboard/astern etc (Naut) — voll einschlagen hart backbord/steuerbord/nach achtern etc

4)

(= close) to follow hard behind/upon sth — unmittelbar auf etw (acc) folgen

my sister was hard behind me — meine Schwester war direkt hinter mir

following hard upon the opening of the new cinema —

hard by (sth) (dated) — ganz in der Nähe (von etw)

See:

→ also heel

* * *

hard [hɑː(r)d]

A adj

1. allg hart: → cheese¹

2. fest (Knoten)

3. schwer, schwierig:

a) mühsam, anstrengend:

hard work harte Arbeit;

it is quite hard work es ist ganz schön anstrengend ( doing zu tun);

hard to believe kaum zu glauben;

hard to please schwer zufriedenzustellen;

he is hard to please man kann es ihm nur schwer recht machen, er ist sehr anspruchsvoll;

hard to imagine schwer vorstellbar;

it is hard for me to accept this thesis es fällt mir schwer, diese These zu akzeptieren;

he made it hard for me to believe him er machte es mir schwer, ihm zu glauben; → graft² A 1, way¹ Bes Redew

b) schwer verständlich, schwer zu bewältigen(d):

hard problems schwierige Probleme

4. hart, zäh, widerstandsfähig:

in hard condition SPORT konditionsstark, fit;

a hard customer umg ein schwieriger Kunde, ein zäher Bursche; → nail Bes Redew

5. hart, angestrengt, intensiv (Studium etc)

6. fleißig, tüchtig:

he is a hard worker er ist enorm fleißig;

try one’s hardest sich alle Mühe geben

7. heftig, stark (Regen etc):

a hard blow ein harter Schlag, fig a. ein schwerer Schlag;

hard drinker starke(r) Trinker(in);

a hard service (Tennis) ein harter Aufschlag;

be hard on Kleidung, einen Teppich etc strapazieren;

be hard on the eyes die Augen anstrengen;

be hard on the legs in die Beine gehen

8. rau (Klima), streng (Frost), hart, streng (Winter)

9. hart, gefühllos, streng:

hard words harte Worte;

be hard on sb

a) jemanden hart oder ungerecht behandeln,

b) jemandem hart zusetzen

10. hart, drückend:

it is hard on him es ist hart für ihn, es trifft ihn schwer;

be hard on the pocket kaum erschwinglich sein;

price increases are hardest on the pockets of the poor Preiserhöhungen treffen immer die Armen am meisten;

hard times schwere Zeiten;

have a hard time

a) Schlimmes durchmachen (müssen),

b) sich schwertun ( with mit);

have a hard time getting sth es schwer haben, etwas zu bekommen;

he had a hard time getting up early es fiel ihm schwer, früh aufzustehen;

give sb a hard time jemandem das Leben schwer machen

11. hart:

the hard facts die unumstößlichen oder nackten Tatsachen

12. nüchtern, kühl (überlegend), unsentimental:

a hard businessman ein kühler Geschäftsmann;

he has a hard head er denkt nüchtern

13. sauer, herb (Getränk)

14. hart (Droge), (Getränk auch) stark:

hard drink auch Harddrink m;

hard drug auch Harddrug f; → liquor A 1 a, → porn A

15. PHYS hart (Wasser etc):

hard tube Hochvakuumröhre f

16. AGR hart, Hart…:

hard wheat

17. WIRTSCH hoch und starr (Preise)

18. hart (Farben, Stimme)

19. PHON

a) hart, stimmlos

b) nicht palatalisiert

20. hard of hearing schwerhörig

21. hard up umg

a) in (Geld)Schwierigkeiten, schlecht bei Kasse,

b) in Verlegenheit ( for um)

B adv

1. hart, fest:

frozen hard hart gefroren

2. fig hart, schwer:

work hard;

brake hard scharf bremsen;

drink hard ein starker Trinker sein;

it will go hard with him es wird ihm schlecht ergehen;

hit sb hard

a) jemandem einen harten oder heftigen Schlag versetzen,

b) fig ein harter oder schwerer Schlag für jemanden sein;

look hard at scharf ansehen;

be hard pressed, be hard put to it in schwerer Bedrängnis sein;

they are taking it very hard es ist ein schwerer Schlag für sie;

think hard scharf oder angestrengt nachdenken;

try hard sich große Mühe geben; → bear¹ B 4

3. schwer, mühsam: → die¹ A 1

4. nahe, dicht:

hard by ganz in der Nähe, nahe oder dicht dabei;

hard on ( oder after) gleich nach

5. hard aport SCHIFF hart Backbord

C s

1. Br festes Uferland

2. Br sl Zwangsarbeit f

3. get (have) a hard on vulg einen Ständer (eine Erektion) kriegen (haben)

* * *
1. adjective
1) hart; stark, heftig [Regen]; gesichert [Beweis, Zahlen, Daten, Information]

drive a hard bargain — hart verhandeln

2) (difficult) schwer; schwierig

this is hard to believe — das ist kaum zu glauben

it is hard to do something — es ist schwer, etwas zu tun

make it hard for somebody [to do something] — es jemandem schwer machen[, etwas zu tun]

[choose to] go about/do something the hard way — es sich (Dat.) bei etwas unnötig schwer machen

learn something the hard way — etwas durch schlechte Erfahrungen lernen

be hard of hearing — schwerhörig sein

be hard going — [Buch:] sich schwer lesen; [Arbeit:] anstrengend sein

play hard to get — (coll.) so tun, als sei man nicht interessiert

have a hard time doing something — Schwierigkeiten haben, etwas zu tun

it's a hard life — (joc.) das Leben ist schwer

it is [a bit] hard on him — es ist [schon] schlimm für ihn

hard luck — (coll.) Pech

3) (strenu-ous) hart; beschwerlich [Reise]; leidenschaftlich [Spieler]

be a hard drinker — viel trinken

try one's hardest to do something — sich nach Kräften bemühen, etwas zu tun

4) (vigorous) heftig [Angriff, Schlag]; kräftig [Schlag, Stoß, Tritt]; (severe) streng [Winter]

5) (unfeeling) hart

be hard [up]on somebody — streng mit jemandem sein

take a hard line [with somebody on something] — [in Bezug auf etwas (Akk.)] eine harte Linie [gegenüber jemandem] vertreten
2. adverb
1) (strenuously) hart [arbeiten, trainieren]; fleißig [lernen, studieren, üben]; genau [überlegen, beobachten]; scharf [nachdenken]; gut [aufpassen, zuhören, sich festhalten]

concentrate hard/harder — sich sehr/mehr konzentrieren

try hard — sich sehr bemühen

be hard at work on something — an etwas (Dat.) intensiv od. konzentriert arbeiten

be hard at it — schwer arbeiten

2) (vigorously) heftig; fest [schlagen, drücken, klopfen]

3) (severely, drastically) hart; streng [zensieren]

cut back hard on something — etwas drastisch einschränken

be hard up — knapp bei Kasse sein (ugs.)

4)

be hard put to it [to do something] — große Schwierigkeiten haben[, etwas zu tun]

5) hart [kochen]; fest [gefrieren [lassen]]

set hard — fest werden

* * *

adj.

hart (Wasser) adj.

hart adj.

heftig adj.

kalkhaltig adj.

schwer adj.

English-german dictionary > hard
20 zäh

I Adj.

1. Fleisch: tough; zäh wie Leder tough as old boots

2. Flüssigkeit: viscous

3. fig. (widerstandsfähig) tough; (ausdauernd) dogged; (hartnäckig) stubborn, tenacious; zäh wie Leder umg. tough as old boots; zäher Bursche umg. tough guy; ein zähes Leben haben cling on to life; fig. die hard; Katze: have nine lives

4. fig., Verhandlungen: long-drawn-out, laborious; Verkehr: slow(-moving)

II Adv.

1. (ausdauernd) doggedly; (hartnäckig) stubbornly, tenaciously

2. (schleppend) (slowly and) laboriously; zäh fließender Verkehr slow-moving traffic; zäh vorankommen make painfully slow progress

* * *

tenacious; stiff; pertinacious; rubbery; stringy; leathery; tough; persistent

* * *
[tsɛː]
1. adj
Fleisch, Mensch, Verhandlungen tough; (= dickflüssig) glutinous; (= schleppend) Verkehr etc slow-moving; (= ausdauernd) dogged, tenacious
ein zä́hes Leben haben (lit: Mensch, Tier) — to have a tenacious hold on life; (fig) to die hard

mit zä́hem Fleiß — doggedly, with dogged application

2. adv
verhandeln tenaciously; sich widersetzen doggedly; fließen slowly
* * *

1) ((of a cooking mixture etc) thick, and not flowing: a stiff dough.) stiff

2) ((of food etc) difficult to chew.) tough

* * *

zäh

[tsɛ:]

I. adj

1. (eine feste Konsistenz aufweisend) tough

ein \zähes Stück Fleisch a tough piece of meat

\zäh wie Leder (fam) tough as old boots

2. (zähflüssig) glutinous

ein \zäher Saft a glutinous [or thick] juice

3. (hartnäckig, schleppend) tenacious

ein \zähes Gespräch a dragging conversation

\zähe Verhandlungen tough negotiations

II. adv tenaciously

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) (fest) tough; heavy <dough, soil>; (dickflüssig) glutinous; viscous < oil>

2) (schleppend) sluggish, dragging < conversation>

3) (widerstandsfähig) tough < person>

4) (beharrlich) tenacious; tough < negotiations>; dogged < resistance>
2.
adverbial

1) (schleppend) sluggishly

2) (beharrlich) tenaciously; < resist> doggedly

* * *

zäh

A. adj

1. Fleisch: tough;

zäh wie Leder tough as old boots

2. Flüssigkeit: viscous

3. fig (widerstandsfähig) tough; (ausdauernd) dogged; (hartnäckig) stubborn, tenacious;

zäh wie Leder umg tough as old boots;

zäher Bursche umg tough guy;

ein zähes Leben haben cling on to life; fig die hard; Katze: have nine lives

4. fig, Verhandlungen: long-drawn-out, laborious; Verkehr: slow(-moving)

B. adv

1. (ausdauernd) doggedly; (hartnäckig) stubbornly, tenaciously

2. (schleppend) (slowly and) laboriously;

zäh fließender Verkehr slow-moving traffic;

zäh vorankommen make painfully slow progress

* * *
1.
Adjektiv

1) (fest) tough; heavy <dough, soil>; (dickflüssig) glutinous; viscous < oil>

2) (schleppend) sluggish, dragging < conversation>

3) (widerstandsfähig) tough < person>

4) (beharrlich) tenacious; tough < negotiations>; dogged < resistance>
2.
adverbial

1) (schleppend) sluggishly

2) (beharrlich) tenaciously; < resist> doggedly

* * *

adj.

stringy adj.

tenacious adj.

tough adj. adv.

tenaciously adv.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > zäh

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Japan — /jeuh pan /, n. 1. a constitutional monarchy on a chain of islands off the E coast of Asia: main islands, Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku. 125,716,637; 141,529 sq. mi. (366,560 sq. km). Cap.: Tokyo. Japanese, Nihon, Nippon. 2. Sea of, the… … Universalium
HISTORICAL SURVEY: THE STATE AND ITS ANTECEDENTS (1880–2006) — Introduction It took the new Jewish nation about 70 years to emerge as the State of Israel. The immediate stimulus that initiated the modern return to Zion was the disappointment, in the last quarter of the 19th century, of the expectation that… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
France — /frans, frahns/; Fr. /frddahonns/, n. 1. Anatole /ann nann tawl /, (Jacques Anatole Thibault), 1844 1924, French novelist and essayist: Nobel prize 1921. 2. a republic in W Europe. 58,470,421; 212,736 sq. mi. (550,985 sq. km). Cap.: Paris. 3.… … Universalium
Austria — Austrian, adj., n. /aw stree euh/, n. a republic in central Europe. 8,054,078; 32,381 sq. mi. (83,865 sq. km). Cap.: Vienna. German, Österreich. * * * Austria Introduction Austria Background: Once the center of power for the large Austro… … Universalium
European Union — 1. an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration. Formerly known as the European Economic Community, the European Union s member states are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,… … Universalium
Spain — /spayn/, n. a kingdom in SW Europe. Including the Balearic and Canary islands, 39,244,195; 194,988 sq. mi. (505,019 sq. km). Cap.: Madrid. Spanish, España. * * * Spain Introduction Spain Background: Spain s powerful world empire of the 16th and… … Universalium
diplomacy — /di ploh meuh see/, n. 1. the conduct by government officials of negotiations and other relations between nations. 2. the art or science of conducting such negotiations. 3. skill in managing negotiations, handling people, etc., so that there is… … Universalium
Calendar of 1993 — ▪ 1994 January January 1 Czechoslovakia now two nations. What had been the single nation of Czechoslovakia officially became two independent states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Vaclav Havel, the former president of Czechoslovakia, and… … Universalium
David Miller (Canadian politician) — For other people named David Miller, see David Miller (disambiguation). David Raymond Miller David Miller launching ICT Toronto 63rd Mayor of Toronto In office … Wikipedia

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difficult negotiations

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